胃癌复发、转移的研究进展
2017-03-08黄倩倩
黄倩倩,陈 晶
哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院消化内科,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
专题·胃癌
胃癌复发、转移的研究进展
黄倩倩,陈 晶
哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院消化内科,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150081
胃癌早期诊断、早期治疗的理念已经深入人心,胃镜检查已经成为普通人群必不可少的体检项目。但胃癌的复发率和病死率仍居高不下,胃癌复发、转移成为威胁胃癌患者生命的首要因素。所以,对胃癌复发、转移的研究也越来越引起人们的关注。本文就胃癌复发、转移的研究进展作一概述。
胃癌;复发;转移;监测;预防;危险因素
胃癌复发、转移是胃癌患者预后差、病死率高的主要原因。胃癌不但复发率高,复发后再手术的生存率也很低。相关研究[1]表明,局部进展期胃癌术后复发率为40%~70%,2次术后的5年生存率不足25%[2]。因此,如何评估、监测和预防胃癌复发就变得尤为重要。
1 胃癌复发、转移的分型
胃癌因复发部位的不同分为手术区域的局部复发、腹膜复发、肝转移、肝脏以外血行转移、非手术区域的远处淋巴结转移、复发性转移,根据复发的时间分为早期复发和晚期复发[3]。
2 胃癌复发、转移的危险因素
2.1 癌组织因素
2.1.1 淋巴管、血管侵犯:淋巴管或血管转移是胃癌常见的转移途径,淋巴管和血管受侵犯的患者极易发生胃癌复发、转移。Saito等[4]表示,淋巴结阴性的2、3期胃癌患者,淋巴管和血管的侵犯是胃癌复发、转移的高危因素。
2.1.2 癌组织分期:胃癌的复发、转移风险与癌组织分期密切相关。有研究[5]表明,无淋巴结侵犯的胃腺癌,T3或更高级别的肿瘤术后复发的时间明显缩短。Fukuchi等[6]对34例不能进行肿瘤完全切除而行保守治疗的胃癌患者进行研究,发现82%的患者在2年内复发,并且通过对患者年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、大体分型、组织分型等25个因素进行观察发现,临床T4b期是与胃癌复发最相关的独立危险因素。相关研究[7]也发现,pT4是术后5年以上无病生存患者发生迟发性复发的危险因素。
2.1.3 癌组织位置:癌组织的原发部位不同,也会对其复发、转移产生影响。研究[8]表明,早期胃癌患者边界切除不完全、操作时间长、安全界缘窄均是胃癌内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)术后复发的危险因素,但肿瘤的部位和肉眼边界是诸多因素中更为重要的,病变位于胃上1/3的患者比病变位于胃下1/3的患者复发率高。除以上因素外,还有研究[5,9-10]表明,胃癌复发与肿瘤的大小、分化程度、浸润深度及组织病理分型密切相关。
2.2 非癌组织因素
2.2.1 体质量丢失:胃癌的预后因素与患者营养失调也有一定关系[11]。Yu等[12]报道外科手术后6~12个月,体质量丢失是不良预后的一个独立危险因素。Lee等[13]也发现,外科手术6个月内体质量丢失超过30%与胃癌的复发明显相关。Kubo等[14]通过大量的研究证明,胃癌术后体质量丢失过多会促进胃癌复发。
2.2.2 感染:Hayashi等[15]对502例行胃癌切除术的患者进行研究发现,术后感染的患者比无术后感染的患者5年无复发生存率明显降低。术后并发感染是胃癌术后复发的独立危险因素。
2.2.3 其他:相关研究[16]表明,围手术期的同种异体输血与胃癌术后无复发生存率及总生存率降低有关。诊断胃癌时的年龄大小也是早期胃癌复发的独立危险因素[10]。
3 胃癌复发、转移的随访和监测
3.1 随访胃癌复发、转移是威胁患者生命的主要原因,如何推迟和防止胃癌的复发、转移十分重要。研究[17]表明,多数胃癌患者在术后3年复发,无淋巴结转移的患者通常术后5年以上发病,这一时限超过了一般胃癌患者的随访期。因此,对于有迟发性复发风险者,应采取包括放、化疗的多模式治疗和个体化的随访。Tavares等[18]发现,临床和病理检查淋巴结转移阴性的胃癌患者仍有很高的复发率,可能存在假阴性的情况,特别是在淋巴结观察<15个的情况。因而,为了减少淋巴结假阴性率,从而减少复发,对淋巴结活检阴性的患者也要定期随访。
3.2 监测
3.2.1 内镜监测:内镜检查是胃癌早诊断、早治疗及术后定期监测复发的有效手段。Min等[19]对ESD术后5年内的早期胃癌患者进行观察,发现异时性胃癌的复发持续存在,并且胃外复发也会出现,甚至毫无征兆。所以,Min建议,术后5年内,每年1次或2次复查胃十二指肠镜及腹部CT。还有研究[7]表明,2.8%的患者会发生胃癌术后的迟发性复发,发生时间多在术后5~8年,因此,胃癌术后患者应长期监测,甚至监测5年以上。Na等[20]对3 037例患者进行研究发现,对于肿瘤完整切除或高分化的早期胃癌,随访过程中,对于黏膜扁平、瘢痕部位不伴充血的病例没有必要活检。
3.2.2 影像学监测:临床上常用影像学监测方法包括CT、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)及正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET)[21]。江晓鸿等[22]对47例胃癌患者行CT检查,发现其对局部复发、腹腔淋巴结转移、腹壁、盆腔的转移均有较好诊断,但诊断为局部复发的15例患者中有5例经病理证实为炎性水肿,即存在一定的假阳性率。MRI能够很好地显示残胃壁及吻合口胃壁的厚度,准确地判断肿瘤浸润的深度、侵袭范围及与周围组织的毗邻关系,是否有淋巴结及腹腔内脏转移等,对指导复发的治疗有重要临床意义[23]。近年来,PET对胃癌复发的监测越来越受到人们的关注。相关研究[24]发现,18F-FDG吸收率高的患者比吸收率低的患者远处转移的发生率明显升高,对于原发肿瘤18F-FDG吸收率高的患者,使用PET监测18F-FDG吸收率可以早期探查肿瘤,并精确探测远期复发。18F-FDG PET/CT除腹膜外,对其他部位的复发转移病灶敏感度高且能够全身显像,对胃癌复发的诊断价值较其他影像学手段高,并可有效指导临床决策[25]。
3.2.3 血清学监测:CA19-9、CA153和CA125等肿瘤标志物,血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1α,HIF-1α)、血清可溶性上皮型钙黏附蛋白(soluble epithelial cadherin,sE-cad)和骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)均对胃癌术后复发和转移的监测有重要意义。近年来关于Angiopoietin-like Protein 2(ANGPTL2)的研究也越来越受到人们的关注,Shimura等[26]发现,表达ANGPTL2的胃癌患者,肿瘤进展和转移的可能性大,预示着预后不良,有可能成为监测胃癌患者术后复发的有效指标。还有研究[27]报道,ANGPTL2与淋巴结及远处器官转移,淋巴管、血管侵犯密切相关,作为监测胃癌复发和判断患者预后的工具,比CEA和TNM更敏感。
3.2.4 其他:意大利胃癌研究组织(GIRCG)的预测评分系统[28]、CD44单核苷酸的多态性和同种型转换[29]、血浆纤维蛋白原[30]均对胃癌的复发有预测作用。miR21-5P可以作为肿瘤内基质含量高的年轻胃癌患者复发的预测指标[31]。肿瘤浸润分型对胃癌的复发也有一定预测作用。浸润型胃癌与腹膜复发密切相关,扩张型和中间型与肝癌复发密切相关[32]。
4 胃癌复发、转移的预防
4.1 早癌根治性切除近年来,由于不能准确地判断早期胃癌的病变范围,ESD术后的早期胃癌患者复发率也有所增加,且肿瘤越大,ESD手术遗漏的病损面积越大,复发率越高,因而,建议对于肿瘤>2 cm,或ESD术后切缘阳性长度>6 mm者,应行外科手术或二次内镜下治疗[33]。
4.2 根除H.pyloriBang等[34]通过大量的研究发现,早期胃癌内镜切除后,根除H.pylori可以有效预防异时性胃癌复发。
4.3 化疗治疗胃癌的有效方法仍是手术,但对于晚期患者,常因不能彻底清除病灶而发生复发和转移。为减少该类事件的发生,常顺伍[35]通过研究发现,术后应用化疗加强治疗可有效地彻底清除病灶,降低胃癌术后复发及转移的发生率,有利于提高患者远期生存率。仇爱峰等[36]研究也证实,胃癌术中区域性植入氟尿嘧啶患者与仅用蒸馏水冲洗腹腔相比,前者吻合口的复发率和邻近脏器复发率均较后者低。因此,对有复发风险的患者,有选择地进行术中及术后化疗可能会降低患者的复发和转移。
胃癌的复发、转移是导致患者预后不良的主要原因,肿瘤大小,浸润深度,组织低分化,淋巴管、血管侵犯均是胃癌复发的独立因素,根治性癌组织切除和综合性治疗是防止胃癌复发的有效方法,定期随访、监测有利于早期发现胃癌的复发和转移,为患者的生存赢得更多机会。
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(责任编辑:马 军)
Progress of recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer
HUANG Qianqian, CHEN Jing
Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
Although the idea that early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer have already deeply rooted in the hearts of people. Regular endoscopic examination has become essential physical examination method. The recurrence rate and mortality do not descend, recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer become the most important factors of the patients’ death. As a result, studies on recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer gradually draw the medical scientists’ attention. The progress of recurrence and metastasis of gastric cancer was reviewed in this article.
Gastric cancer; Recurrence; Metastasis; Surveillance; Preventation; Risk factors
黄倩倩,在读硕士,研究方向:炎症性肠病的基础与临床研究。E-mail:1057237951@qq.com
陈晶,博士,副主任医师。研究方向:肝癌的发生机制及治疗进展。E-mail:chenjing7@medmail.com.cn
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5709.2017.03.001
R735.2
A 文章编号:1006-5709(2017)03-0241-04
2016-12-19