牙甲总科分类系统及中国的分类回顾
2017-03-01贾凤龙
贾凤龙
(有害生物控制与资源利用国家重点实验室,中山大学生命科学学院,广州 510275)
牙甲总科分类系统及中国的分类回顾
贾凤龙
(有害生物控制与资源利用国家重点实验室,中山大学生命科学学院,广州 510275)
介绍了历史上最有影响的牙甲总科的分类系统,Mulsant, d’Orchymont, Hansen, Short & Fikácˇek分类系统。回顾了我国牙甲总科分类历史和分类现状。统计出目前我国牙甲总科昆虫共记录了6科、55属、329种。它是了解我国牙甲科多样性的基础材料。
牙甲总科;分类系统;回顾;中国
牙甲总科Hydrophiloidea昆虫也称水龟虫,较古老的文献也常使用Palpicornia,是鞘翅目昆虫中生活习性最复杂的一类,生活环境可分为水生、半水生和陆生。水生类群生活于流水边缘,池塘、山涧小溪、河流中截留的枯枝落叶、海边半海水鱼塘、临时形成的水洼、甚至叶腋留下的雨水(Hansen, 1998)。半水生类生活于潮湿岸边地表、岸边泥土、湿润石壁。陆生类生活于腐烂的动植物尸体、湿润环境下的枯枝落叶下、湿润的土壤、蚂蚁巢和白蚁巢穴内。幼虫和蛹生活期较短,成虫生活期很长。在中国中部和南部以成虫越冬,北方越冬情况不祥。
1 牙甲总科的分类系统
Linnaenus在1758年就已经记录了9种牙甲类昆虫,Latreille(1802)建立了Hydrophilii,并于1809年指定了当时已知属的模式种。至此,牙甲类昆虫作为一个独立的高级分类单元已经被确立。历史上,牙甲总科昆虫影响较大的分类系统主要有如下4个:
Mulsant(1844)分类系统:
该分类系统将牙甲类昆虫分为Hélophoriens(包括Hélophoraires和Hydraenaires)、Sphéridiens(包括Sphéridiaires和Mégasternaires)和Hydrophiliens(包括Hydrophilaires,Limnébiaires,Bérosaires,Cyllidiaires和Hydrobiaires)。该系统包括长须甲科Hydraenidae,这一观点被长期采纳,直到Bøving & Craighead(1931)将Hydraenidae移入到隐翅虫总科Staphylinoidea。但1931年之后,多数学者仍然将Hydraenidae作为牙甲总科的一个类群。
d’Orchymont(1916, 1919)分类系统:
该系统将牙甲类昆虫作为一个总科Palpicornia,下辖2科:Hydraenidae(包括3亚科Hydraeninae,Limnebiinae和Spercheinae)和Hydrophilidae (包括5亚科Helophorinae,Epimetopinae,Hydrochinae,Sphaeridiinae和Hydrophilinae)。
随着研究的逐步深入,建立了大量新属。Bøving & Craighead对Hydraenidae的观点逐渐被采纳,即d’Orchymont系统中的Hydraeninae和Limnebiinae并不属于牙甲类。有学者开始修订d’Orchymont的系统,其中Hansen(1991)提出的分类系统获得了牙甲分类学界的普遍接受。该系统之后由于建立一个新亚科又进行了补订(Hansen 1997, 1999)
Hansen(1991,1999)分类系统:
该系统将Hydraenidae从牙甲总科中移到隐翅甲总科Staphylinoidea中。至今共记录有效属名177属。
牙甲总科Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA(177 genera)
沟背甲科Family Helophoridae(1 genus)
盾牙甲科Family Epimetopidae(2 genera)
圆牙甲科Family Georissidae(1 genus)
条脊牙甲科Family Hydrochidae(1 genus)
毛牙甲科Family Spercheidae(1 genus)
牙甲科Family Hydrophilidae(170 genera)
窄胸牙甲亚科Subfamily Horelophinae
(1 genus)
赫牙甲亚科Subfamily Horelophopsinae
(1 genus)
牙甲亚科Subfamily Hydrophilinae(61 genera)
陆牙甲亚科Subfamily Sphaeridiinae
(106 genera)
以上系统种所列出的各科(亚科)属的数量是依据目前已经发表的属进行统计结果,从中可以看出,牙甲总科昆虫中陆牙甲亚科属数量远较其它科(亚科)多。
虽然Lawrence 等(2011)和Bouchard等(2011)将牙甲类作为一个科Hydrophilidae,但当今世界上从事牙甲类昆虫分类的学者仍然接受Hansen的牙甲类作为总科观点。Short & Fikcˇek(2013)在修订Hansen分类系统时,仍然将牙甲类昆虫作为一个总科。该系统是基于线粒体基因 COI、COII、16S和核基因18S、28S联合分析及形态学的性状提出。研究显示,从分子系统学的角度得出来的结果在科这一级别上与Hansen系统是一致的。但在科下的阶元有了很大的不同该系统,目前是很受欢迎的系统。
牙甲总科Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA(175 genera)
沟背甲科Family Helophoridae(1 genus)
盾牙甲科Family Epimetopidae(2 genera)
圆牙甲科Family Georissidae(1 genus)
条脊牙甲科Family Hydrochidae(1 genus)
毛牙甲科Family Spercheidae(1 genus)
牙甲科 Family Hydrophilidae(169 genera)
牙甲亚科Subfamily Hydrophilinae
(33 genera)
凯牙甲牙科Subfamily Chaetarthriinae
(11 genera)
苍白牙甲亚科Subfamily Enochrinae
(5 genera)
须牙甲亚科Subfamily Acidocerinae
(14 genera)
俪牙甲亚科Subfamily Rygmodinae
(17 genera)
陆牙甲亚科Subfamily Sphaeridiinae
(89 genera)
该系统将Hansen分类系统的赫牙甲亚科Horelophopsinae包含的唯一属Horelophopsis归入到须牙甲亚科中,将Horelophinae包括的唯一属Horelophus归入凯牙甲亚科中。将陆牙甲亚科分为俪牙甲亚科和陆牙甲亚科,将Hansen系统中的其它亚科的族和属进行了重新组合。这一系统是结合分子系统学和形态学的研究所得出,所以更具有科学性。
2 我国牙甲总科分类回顾
1799年,Herbst报道了我国第一种牙甲Hydrophilus rufipes Fabricius [=Sternolophus rufipes(Fabricius)]。其后一些学者如Castelnau(1840)、Motschulsky(1853)、Zaitzev(1908)、Knisch(1924)、Brinck(1946)、Balfour-Browne(1947)、Sat(1965)、Angus(1985)等陆续记录和描述了我国牙甲总科昆虫。d’Orchymont多次记录我国牙甲总科昆虫,并于1935年发表了“Aquatic Insects of China. Article XX. Catalogue of Chinese Palpicornia.(Order Coleoptera)”。该文记录了我国牙甲总科昆虫22属、79种、亚种或变种(不包括文中记录的Hydraenidae种类)。该名录后来被收录进胡经甫(1937)主编的“Catalogus Insectorum Sinensium”之中。然而,所有记录中国种类均为外国学者所描述。
蒲蛰龙先生是我国第一个开始研究中国牙甲总科昆虫的学者。他于1957年发表了中国牙甲总科分科、亚科和属的检索表(包括Hydraenidae)。在他所发表的Palpicornia类群5篇研究论文中,有2篇是关于牙甲科的分类(蒲蛰龙1963,1964),描述了8新种(其中3种为有效名)。这是中国学者首次描述牙甲类昆虫新种。另外3篇(蒲蛰龙1942,1956,1958)是关于长须甲科Hydraenidae的分类研究。
进入上世纪90年代之后,我国学者姬兰柱、边冬菊和刘彦斌描述了中国21新种(Schödl & Ji ,1995; Ji & Jäch, 1998, Ji & Schödl, 1998; Ji & Komarek, 2003; Liuetal., 2008)。外国学者如Angus(1995)、Gentili(1995, 2003)、Fikcˇek 等(2012)也描述了采自中国的新种。贾凤龙发表牙甲总科研究论文60篇,描述了我国牙甲总科57新种(Jia, 2006,2014; Jia & Zhao, 2013; Jiaetal., 2014; Jiaetal.,2017; Tang & Minoshima, 2017),发现了我国毛牙甲科Spercheidae(Jia & Wen, 2007)和圆牙甲科Georissidae(3种,未发表)、Omicrini,另发现我国12新记录属,其中NoteropagusOrchymont、AustralocyonHansen、EmmidoliumOrchymont(台湾)、ParomicrusScott(台湾)、PeltocercyonOrchymont、OmicrusSharp、OreomicrusMalcolm尚未发表,修订了科学上错误鉴定和我国错误记录1属12种。目前,我国牙甲总科的记录情况如下(采用Short & Fikcˇek分类系统):
牙甲总科Superfamily HYDROPHILOIDEA(55 genera, 329 species)
盾牙甲科Family Epimetopidae
(1 genus, 1species)
圆牙甲科Family Georissidae
(1 genus)
条脊牙甲科Family Hydrochidae
(1 genus, 3 species)
沟背甲科Family Helophoridae
(1 genus, 28 species)
毛牙甲科科Family Spercheidae
(1 genus, 1 species)
牙甲科Family Hydrophilidae
(50 genera, 296 species )
牙甲亚科subfamily Hydrophilinae
(16 genera, 130 species)
凯牙甲亚科subfamily Chaetarthriinae
(5 genera, 33 species)
苍白牙甲亚科subfamily Enochrinae
(3 genera, 30 species)
须牙甲亚科subfamily Acidocerinae
(3 genera, 17 species)
陆牙甲亚科subfamily Sphaeridiinae
(23 genera, 86 species)
以上是我国目前牙甲总科昆虫个科(亚科)的记录情况,其中1科、6属虽然为作者在我国发现但尚未发表,6种被修订为异名但尚未发表。到目前为止,我国已知牙甲总科昆虫55属329种。
3 我国牙甲总科分类展望
至1990年,世界牙甲总科昆虫大约2400种(Hansen, 1991),到2011年,该类群已记录的种类达到了3380余种(Short & Fikcˇek 2013),增长十分迅速。原因之一即为陆生类群的大量被描述。在牙甲总科中,陆生类群大约占60%的属和1/4的种(Hansen, 1999)。
在胡经甫(Wu, 1937)所编的中国昆虫名录中仅记录22属79种。据作者统计,至1990年统计,我国记录的牙甲类昆虫大约100余种,仅仅不到30年的时间,我国该类昆虫已经达到了329种,其中近1/3为陆生种类,而且还有一些尚未描述的种类。
我国幅员辽阔,跨越古北和东洋两大动物地理分布区,环境十分复杂。牙甲总科昆虫几乎可以生活在任何潮湿的环境下,加上体型小(多为2-7 mm),如果不进行专题采集往往被忽略。近20多年来,虽然我国大多数省份都曾进行过水生甲虫的采集,但覆盖的区域还远远不够,对该类群的采集主要集中于水生类群。而且我国有丰富采集经验的科学工作者很少,从事牙甲总科昆虫分类的学者更少,故应该有大量的种类尚未被发现,尤其是陆生类群。近些年来发表的我国新记录属、种和新种以及作者所知尚未发表的种类可以充分说明这一点。因此,还有大量的工作有待中国昆虫分类学者去做。
References)
Angus RB. A new species ofHelophorus(Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Mongolia. Results of the Mongolian-German Biological Expeditions since 1962, No. 148 [J].Mitteil.Zool.Mus.Berlin, 1985, 61 (1): 163-164, pl. I.
Angus RB. Helophoridae: TheHelophorusspecies of China, with notes on the species from neighbouring areas (Coleoptera).In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ,eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol. I [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 1995: 185-206.
Balfour-Browne J. The aquatic coleoptera of Manchuria (Weymarn Collection) [J].Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist.,1947 (1946),13(11) : 433-460.
Bian DJ, Schönmann H, Ji LZ. Five new species ofPelthydrusOrchymont, 1919 from China and adjacent countries (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) [J].Zootaxa, 2009, 61 (2118): 53-64.
Bian DJ, Schönmann H, Ji LZ.PelthydrusOrchymont, 1919 from Hainan (China) with descriptions of three new species (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) [J].Koleop.Rund., 2008, 78: 265-274.
Bouchard P, Bousquet Y, Davies AE,etal. Family-group names in Coleoptera (Insecta) [J].Zookeys, 2011, 88: 1-972.
Bøving AG, Craighead FC. An illustrated synopsis of the principal larval forms of the order Coleoptera [J].Ent.Amer. (N.S.), 1931, 11 (1-4): 1-351.
Brinck P. Waterbeetles from Manchuria with some zoogeographical remarks [J].Opus.Ent., 1946, 11: 146-150.
Castelnau FL Laporte de. Histoire naturelle des Animaux articulés Histoire naturelle des Insectes Coléoptères, Vol. 2. (Nécrophages-Trimères) [M]. Paris: Duménil, 1840: 565, pl.38.
d’Orchymont A. De la place qui doivent occuper dans la classification les sous-familles des Sphaeridiinae et des Hydrophilinae [J].Bull.Soc.Ent.Fr., 1916: 235-240.
d′Orchymont A. Notes complémentaires pour la classification et la phylogénie des “Palpicornia”[J].Rev.Aool.Afr., 1919, 6: 163-168.
d’Orchymont A. Quelques synonymies nouvelles d’Hydraena et d’ Helophorus (Coleopt. Palpicornia) [J].Bull.Mus.Roy.Hist.Nat.Belg., 1935, 11 (5): 1-10.
Fikácˇek M, Jia FL, Prokin A. A review of the Asian species of the genusPachysternumColeoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae) [J].Zootaxa, 2012, 3219: 1-53.
Gentili E. Hydrophilidae: 3. The genusLaccobiusErichson in China and neighbouring areas (Coleoptera). In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ, ed. Water Beetles of China, Vol. 1 [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 1995: 245-286.
Gentili E. Hydrophilidae: III. Additional notes on the genusLaccobiusErichson in China and neighbouring areas (Coleoptera). In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ,eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol. 3 [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 2003: 411-429.
Hansen M. A new subfamily for a remarkable new genus and species of Hydrophilidae from New Guinea (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) [J].Ann.Zool., 1997, 47 (1-2): 107-110.
Hansen M, Richardson BA. A new species ofOmicrusSharp (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Puerto Rico and its larva, the first known larva of Omicrini [J].Syst.Ent., 1998, 23 (1): 1-8.
Hansen M. The hydrophiloid Beetles. Phylogeny, Classification and a Revision of the Genera (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) [M]. Denmark: Biologiske Skrifter, 1991: 1-367.
Hansen M. World Catalogue of Insects, Vol.2:Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera) [M]. Stenstrup: Apollo Books, 1999.
Ji L, Jäch MA. Epimetopidae: Synopsis of the genusEumetopusBalfour-Browne (Coleoptera).In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ, eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol. 2 [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 1998: 195-206.
Ji L, Komarek A. Hydrophilidae: II. The Chinese species ofCrenitisBedel, with descriptions of two new species. In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ, eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol. 3 [C]. Vienna:Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterolog-rnverein, 2003: 397-409.
Ji L, Schödl S. Hydrophilidae: Faunistic notes onHydrocassisDeyrolle & Fairmaire andAmetorSemenov, with descriptions of new species (Coleoptera). In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ, eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol.2 [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 1998: 207-218.
Jia FL. A revisional study of the Chinese species ofAmphiopsErichson (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae, Chaetarthriini) [J].J.Nat.Hist., 2014, 48 (17-18): 1464-5262.
Jia FL. A revisional study toHydrophilusGeoffroy (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Hydrophilini) of China [J].Entomotaxomia, 2006, 28 (3): 187-197. [贾凤龙, 中国牙甲属HydrophilusGeoffory分类订正[J]. 昆虫分类学报, 2006, 28 (3): 187-197]
Jia FL, Aston P, Fikcˇek M. Review of the Chinese species of the genusCoelostomaBrullé, 1835 (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae)[J].Zootaxa, 2014, 3887 (3): 354-376.
Jia FL, Gentili E, Fikcˇek M. The genusLaccobiusin China: New species and new records (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) [J].Zootaxa, 2013, 2635 (4): 402-418.
Jia FL, Lin RC, Chan E,etal. Two new species ofCoelostomaBrullé, 1835 from China and additional faunistic records of the genus from the Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae: Coelostomatini) [J].Zootaxa, 2017, 4232 (1): 113-122.
Jia FL, Tang YD, Minoshima YN. Description of three new species ofCrenitisBedel, with additional faunistic records from China (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Chaetarthriinae) [J].Zootaxa, 2017 (2016), 4208 (6): 561-576.
Jia FL, Wen X. Spercheidae a family new to China, with rediscription toSpercheusemarginatus(Schaller) (Coleoptera: Hydrophiloidea) [J].Act.Zootaxon., 2007, 32 (3): 553-555.
Jia FL, Zhao S. Taxonomic notes on ChineseAmetorandHydrocassis(Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sperchopsini) [J].Act.Ent.Mus.Nation.Pragae, 2013, 53 (1): 127-139.
Knisch A. Hydrophilidae. In: Junk W, Schenkling S, ed. Coleopterorum Catalogus [M]. Berlin: Springer Netherlands,1924: 306.
Latreille PA. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, Secundum Ordinem Naturalem in Familias Disposita, Iconibus Exemplisque Plurimis Explicata [M]. Amand Koenig: Parisiis et Argentorati, 1809: 399.
Latreille PA. Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Familles Naturelles et Genres [M]. Paris: Dufart, 1802468.
Lawrence JF, S' lipiński SA, Seago AE,etal. Phylogeney of the Coeloptera based on morphological characters of adults and larvae [J].Ann.Zool., 2011, 61 (1): 1-217.
Liu YB, Ji LZ, Jing TZ. 2008. Morphological and molecular characterization ofHydrocassismongolica, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from China [J].OrientalInsects, 2008, 42 (1): 173-184.
Mulsant E. Histoire Naturelle des Coléoptères de France. Palpicornies [M]. Paris: Ch. Savy Jeune,1844: 7,196-197.
Pu CL. Three new species of Palpicornia from Yunnan [J].Lingn.Sci.Journ., 1942, 20: 167-176.
Pu CL. A key to genera and subgenera of Palpicornia of China [J].Act.Scien.Nat.Univ.Sun., 1957 (1): 61-68. [蒲蛰龙. 中国牙甲总科(Palpicornia)的属及亚属检索表[J]. 中山大学学报, 1957 (1): 61-68]
Pu CL. The genusAnacaenaThomson of China (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) [J].Act.Ent.Sin., 1964, 13 (3): 396-400. [蒲蛰龙. 我国Anacaena属昆虫志(鞘翅目, 牙甲科)[J]. 昆虫学报, 1964, 13 (3): 396-400]
Pu CL. The genusHydraenaKugel. of China (Coleoptera, Palpicornia) [J].ActaEntomologicaSinica, 1956, 6 (3): 299-310. [蒲蛰龙. 中国牙甲总科长须甲属昆虫志[J]. 昆虫学报, 1956, 6 (3): 299-310]
Pu CL. The genusOchthebiusleach of China (Coleoptera, Palpicornia) [J].Act.Ent.Sin., 1958, 6 (3): 247-265. [蒲蛰龙. 中国牙甲总科滨甲属昆虫志[J]. 昆虫学报, 1958, 6(3): 247-265]
Pu CL. Results of the zoologico-botanical expedition to Southwest China, 1956-1957 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) [J].Act.Ent.Sin., 1963, 12 (1): 77-82. [蒲蛰龙. 云南生物考察报告(鞘翅目,牙甲科)[J]. 昆虫学报, 1963, 12 (1): 77-82]
Schödl S, Ji L. Hydrophilidae: 2. Synopsis ofHydrocassisDeyrolle & Fairmaire andAmetorSemenov, with description of three new species (Coleoptera). In: Jäch MA, Ji LZ, eds. Water Beetles of China, Vol. 1 [C]. Vienna: Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Osterreich and Wiener Coleopterologrnverein, 1995: 221-243.
Short AEZ, Hebauer F. World catalogue of Hydrophiloidea-additions and corrections, 1 (1999-2005) (Coleoptera) [J].Koleop.Rund., 2006, 76: 315-359.
Wu CF. Catalogus Insectorum [M].Beijing: The Fan Memorial Institute of Biology, 1937, 271-296.
Zaitzev FA. Catalogue des Coléoptères Aquatiques des Familles Dryopidae, Georyssidae, Cyathoceridae, Heteroceridae et Hydrophilidae [J]. Hor.Soc.Ent.Ross.,1908, 38: 283-420.
A introducing to Synoptic classification of the world Hydrophiloidea and a historical review to the superfamily of China
JIA Feng-Long
(Key Laborotary of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China)
Mulsant’s, d’Orchymont’s, Hansen’s, Short & Fikcˇek’s synoptic classification of the world hydrophiloid beetles are briefly introduced. History of taxonomy on Hydrophiloidea of China is reviewed. A total of 329 species of hydrophiloid beetles that were designed to 6 families, 55 genera from China have known currently. It is a basic document to known diversity of Chinese hydrophiloid beetles.
Hydrophiloidea;Synoptic classification;historical review; China
国家自然科学基金(31272266)
贾凤龙,男,1966年生,教授,研究方向为昆虫分类,E-mail:lssjfl@mail.sysu.edu.cn
Received: 2017-02-17;接受日期Accepted: 2017-03-07
Q961
A
1674-0858(2017)02-0249-05
贾凤龙.牙甲总科分类系统及中国的分类回顾[J].环境昆虫学报,2017,39(2):249-253.