ERCP术后鼻胆管引流和抗生素灌洗的作用
2017-02-28黄志刚周政王光明
黄志刚+周政+王光明
摘要:目的 探讨鼻胆管引流和抗生素灌洗对ERCP术后并发症的影响。方法 回顾性分析自2012年1月~2015年12月共约126例ERCP患者术后放置鼻膽管引流,将患者分为ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组、ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组、单纯ENBD组。将各组患者腹痛、发热、黄疸消退时间、血淀粉酶消退时间、胆汁引流量进行比较分析。结果 126例ERCP患者术后放置鼻胆管引流,其中ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组40例,ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组39例,单纯ENBD组47例。三组患者的腹痛和发热症状没有明显区别。ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组和ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的黄疸消退时间及血淀粉酶消退时间短于单纯ENBD组,ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组的血淀粉酶消退时间短于ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组,两组抗生素灌洗组黄疸消退时间没有明显差异。在胆汁引流量方面,ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组和ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的胆汁引流量低于单纯ENBD组,ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的胆汁引流量低于ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组。结论 ENBD+抗生素灌洗可以促进胆总管充分引流胆汁和胰液,局部减轻胆管炎症和胰腺炎并发症。ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗的效果可能优于ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗。
关键词:鼻胆管引流;内镜逆行胰胆管造影;并发症
Abstract:Objective To discuss the influence of nasal biliary drainage and antibiotic lavage on the complication of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP). Methods Retrospective analysis of 126 patients with nasal biliary drainage after ERCP from January 2012 to December 2015.Patients were divided into three groups,such as endoscopic nasal biliary drainage(ENBD) combined with metronidazole lavage,endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage,and endoscopic nasal biliary drainage. To comparative analyze the index such as abdominal pain,fever, fade time of jaundice,fade time of serum amylase,and amount of biliary drainage.Results Among 126 patients with nasal biliary drainage,there were 40 cases of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage(ENBD) combined with metronidazole lavage,39 cases of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage,and 47cases of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage.Ther were no significantly difference among three groups.The fade time of jaundice and erum amylase of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with metronidazole lavage and endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage were shorter than endoscopic nasal biliary drainage alone.The fade time of serum amylase of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage(ENBD) combined with metronidazole lavage was shorter than endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage.There were no significantly difference in fade time of jaundice between two antibiotic lavage groups.In the amount of biliary drainage,endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with metronidazole lavage and endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage were less than endoscopic nasal biliary drainage alone.The biliary drainage amount of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage were less than endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with metronidazole lavage. Conclusion The endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with antibiotic lavage may promote biliary drainage of bile and pacreatic juice,reduce complications of cholangitis and pancreatitis.The effect of endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with metronidazole lavage may be better than endoscopic nasal biliary drainage combined with gentamicin lavage.
Key words:Nasal biliary drainage;Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP);Complication
经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)和相关治疗技术已经成为胆胰疾病的重要治疗方法,但ERCP是一项高难度、高风险的技术,可以产生一系列并发症,如急性胰腺炎、出血、穿孔、急性胆管炎等,部分并发症严重时可危及生命,在一定程度上限制了该技术的广泛应用[1-2]。本文对我院2012年1月~2015年12月共约126例ERCP患者术后放置鼻胆管引流和抗生素灌洗对降低ERCP术后并发症的效果和应用价值进行了评估。
1 资料与方法
1.1一般资料 自2012年1月~2015年12月共约126例ERCP患者术后放置鼻胆管引流,其中ERCP术中行支架内引流的除外。患者的临床表现主要有腹痛、黄疸、发热、呕吐等。内镜治疗结果、并发症、血生化、鼻胆管引流、抗生素灌洗等资料均从患者的病历资料中获取。
1.2设备 采用Olympus TJF260 十二指肠镜及相关附件如:造影导管、黄斑马导丝、弯头和直头鼻胆管。高频电发生器、十二指肠乳头切开刀、取石网篮、气囊、扩张器均为Olympus公司和COOK公司产品。造影剂为碘海醇。
1.3方法 术前15 min口服达克罗宁胶浆,静脉注射山崀菪碱、哌替定、地西泮注射液。选择性插管行胆管造影,根据造影结果,选择不同的治疗方法如:十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST),十二指肠乳头球囊扩张术(endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation,EPBD),内镜下取石术,鼻胆管引流(endoscopic nose biliary drainage)等。ERCP术后3 h、24 h检测血清淀粉酶、血常规、电解质。观察患者有无腹痛、发热等临床表现。将患者分为ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组、ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组、单纯ENBD组。其中ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组40例,ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组39例,单纯ENBD组47例。甲硝唑灌洗组采用生理盐水50 ml+甲硝唑50 ml冲洗鼻胆引流管,1次/d,连续3 d,庆大霉素灌洗组采用生理盐水50 ml+庆大霉素8万单位冲洗鼻胆引流管,1次/d,连续3 d。单纯ENBD组鼻胆引流管留置3 d;每日记录胆汁引流量及性状变化,记录患者腹痛、发热、黄疸及血淀粉酶消退情况。
1.4统计学方法 计量数据以(x±s)表示,比较采用单因素方差分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1病例特点 ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组40例,男23例,女17例,ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组39例,男22例,女17例,单纯ENBD组47例,男27例,女20例。
2.2各组腹痛、发热、黄疸消退时间、血淀粉酶消退时间、胆汁引流量的比较 见表1。
3 讨论
随着微创技术的发展,ERCP及其相关操作也越来越丰富,如内镜下球囊扩张术、鼻胆管引流术、鼻胰管引流术、胰管支架植入术等。但ERCP作为一种侵入性操作,术后会有相关的并发症发生,有研究指出,ERCP术后并发症的发生率可达15%~20%[3-4]。ERCP术后并发症包括胰腺炎、胆管炎、高淀粉酶血症、出血、穿孔等。有研究表明,吲哚美辛和鼻胆管引流可以预防ERCP术后胰腺炎和高淀粉酶血症的发生[5-6]。曾有研究探讨鼻胆管引流灌注在治疗胰腺炎中的作用,认为鼻胆管引流灌注治疗胰腺炎疗效确切而安全[7]。近年来,有研究表明,ENBD是一种可靠的保护措施[8]。ENBD可支撑Oddi's括约肌,减轻Oddi's括约肌水肿或痉挛,通畅胆汁胰液的引流,解除胆胰管汇合区的暂时性梗阻[9]。本研究探讨ERCP术后鼻胆管引流和抗生素灌洗的疗效比较分析。
本研究中分为ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组、ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组、单纯ENBD组,三组患者的腹痛和发热症状没有明显区别。ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组和ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的黄疸消退时间及血淀粉酶消退时间短于单纯ENBD组,ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组的血淀粉酶消退时间短于ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组,黄疸消退时间两组抗生素灌洗组没有明显差异。在胆汁引流量方面,ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组和ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的胆汁引流量低于单纯ENBD组,ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组的胆汁引流量低于ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组。以上结果表明,ENBD+抗生素灌洗能促进胆总管充分引流胆汁和胰液,局部减轻胆管炎症和胰腺炎并发症。其中,ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗组的效果优于ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗组。ENBD+抗生素灌洗组的胆汁引流量低于单纯ENBD组,考虑可能与胆总管经抗生素冲洗后胆汁经十二指肠排出量增多,而鼻胆管引流量较少有关。
综上所述,ENBD+抗生素灌洗可以促进胆总管充分引流胆汁和胰液,局部减轻胆管炎症和胰腺炎并发症。ENBD+甲硝唑灌洗的效果可能优于ENBD+庆大霉素灌洗。由于是回顾性研究,受到患者数量和客观条件的限制,因此需要进一步的临床观察和探讨。
参考文献:
[1]Masci E,Toti G,Mariani A,et al. Complications of diagnostic and therapeutic ERCP: a prospective multicenter study[J].Am J Gastroenterol,2001,96(2):417-423.
[2]李兆申,许国铭,孔振兴,等.诊断性ERCP早期并发症与处理[J].中华消化内镜杂志,2002,19(2):77-81.
[3]余华,孙建明,张代忠,等. ERCP在梗阻性黄疸诊治中的价值[J].中国现代普通外科进展,2012,15(1):31-33.
[4]Sakai Y, Tsuyuguchi T,Yokosuka O. Clinical usefulness and current problems of pancreatic duct stenting for preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis[J].World J Clin Cases,2014,2(9):426-431.
[5]梁彩霞,张健康.鼻胆管引流在预防ERCP术后胰腺炎中的疗效观察[J].中国现代医生,2015,53(35):81-84.
[6]汤娜娜,唐春丽,朱锦舟. 吲哚美辛及鼻胆管引流预防内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术后胰腺炎及高淀粉酶血症效果观察[J].山东医药,2015,55(4):43-45.
[7]尹合坤,李启祥,邝子良.鼻胆管引流灌注治疗急性胰腺炎的临床价值[J].中华实验外科杂志,2003,20(6):555-556.
[8]Yang J,Peng JY,Pang EJ,et al. Efficacy of endoscopic nasobiliary drainage for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaphy pancreatitis and cholangitis after repeated clearance of common bile duct stones:Experience from a chinese center[J].Dig Endosc,2013,25(4):453-458.
[9]Benvenuti S,Zancanella L,Piazzi L,et al.Prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis with somatostatin versus gabexatemesylate:A randomized placebo controlled multicenter study[J].Dig Liver Dis,2006,38(suppl 1):s15.
編辑/周芸霏