临床创面治疗新进展
2017-02-26余龙威综述柯昌能审校
余龙威 综述 柯昌能 审校
(广东医科大学附属观澜医院 深圳市龙华新区中心医院烧伤整形科,广东 深圳 518100)
临床创面治疗新进展
余龙威 综述 柯昌能 审校
(广东医科大学附属观澜医院 深圳市龙华新区中心医院烧伤整形科,广东 深圳 518100)
随着创面治疗需求日益增加,涌现出越来越多新的治疗方法。目前很难鉴别哪些产品或设备可切实有效的促进创面愈合,因此,有必要探索和发现新的研究进展。为尽可能促进创面愈合,可在基本创面处理包括创面清创、负压引流和控制感染等的基础上,同时采取其他先进的疗法。本文旨在关注以下三种方法,即创面持续性负压引流、生物工程敷料和羊膜制品。但由于缺乏有力的文献及实验数据支持,目前创面治疗研究的新进展方面仍有很大的进步空间。
创面负压治疗;羊膜;生物工程敷料;Integra
创面治疗仍是目前最具挑战的领域之一,随着医学技术的发展,新产品和新兴的疗法不断涌入市场,但每个产品或技术都缺乏强有力的循证医学证据支持。许多相关专家仍是根据自身临床经验来选择治疗方案,因为很多产品都缺乏足够的数据支持证明其有效性和安全性。就此看来,这些新产品和技术仍有许多问题尚待解决。目前已出现了一些被证实切之有效的新技术,但仍需谨慎地评价它们的使用过程和疗效。目前,负压创面治疗技术(negative pressure wound therapy,NPWT)有着长足的进步。最近NPWT滴注灌洗法被引入以解决创面床问题,同时也引进了一些便携式NPWT设备。细胞和组织相关的产品(cell and tissue products,CTPs)在暂时或永久性创面覆盖以及促进创面愈合方面也取得较大的发展。此外,以干细胞为基础的创面治疗产品吸引着许多专家学者,这类产品在加强创面愈合和促进皮肤再生方面有着巨大的潜能。本文将分析这些产品和技术在当前的使用状况及在文献搜索中的结果。
1 基础治疗
尽管创面治疗的技术取得了很大的进步,但是基本的治疗原则目前仍然适用。促进创面愈合是多因素的,涉及到药物和治疗创面的最优化。处理患者的并发症和分析创面致病因素对于创面愈合是必要的。不管治疗技术多么先进,控制感染、改善血运、减压治疗和解决生物力学问题都是治疗创面的首要考虑点。
皮肤和组织若无丰富的血运,创面就难以愈合。所以需设法增加创面的血流灌注,必要时还需显微血管吻合技术的介入和干预。同时,若不减少致病菌落数和控制感染,创面将毫无进展,最终步入慢性难愈合的状态。定期彻底的创面清创有利于减少细菌负荷、减轻皮肤过度角化及促进相关生长因子的释放,从而减少感染概率,提高治愈率[1-6]。严重的感染则需口服或静脉应用抗生素加以控制。因此,在应用新兴的治疗措施之前,基本的创面处理是必需的。
适当的减压和生物力学治疗常被临床学者忽视,许多伤口(譬如糖尿病足溃疡)之所以出现在足底是因为该部位压力较大。许多研究证明适当的减压能明显的促进创面愈合[7-9]。另有研究表明可移动塑形助行器比传统的治疗鞋更有利于类似创面的愈合[7,9-10]。
在某些情况下,单纯地通过可移动塑形助行器或治疗鞋只能达到暂时的减压效果,若根本的生物力学问题没有解决,则创面易复发。评估患者足部的结构及功能和任何可能导致创伤的畸形,这些都是治疗的必要前提,最常见的例子之一就是马蹄足。马蹄足减少了踝关节背屈而导致足底压力增加,进而增加足底溃疡和溃疡复发的概率[11-17]。目前可通过经皮跟腱延长术以减少足底压力峰值来解决[11,13,15,17]。其他如足内翻、扁平足、摇椅底状脚、高弓内翻足、足拇外翻和下垂足等畸形,都能通过手术或穿戴治疗鞋及支撑装置,以预防压力性创面的生成。
2 创面负压治疗技术
创面负压治疗技术是目前应用范围较广的创面治疗方法之一。20世纪90年代被首次发明并用于处理开放性骨折所致的软组织损伤[18]和创面床的准备、皮片移植及皮瓣覆盖的术前准备。此外还常用于皮片移植或生物工程替代组织以增强移植存活率和封闭高风险创面。创面负压治疗技术有着众多独特的优势,包括促进肉芽组织生长、增加创面床的血管分布、控制细菌繁殖和创面感染、减少组织水肿,减少换药次数和降低治疗费用[19-21]。2015年国际糖尿病足治疗指南(IWGDF)指出:术后未愈合创面仍有应用局部负压治疗而治愈的可能,但其有效性和成本效益仍待考察[22]。首个商业化的创面负压治疗系统是封闭负压引流(VAC)治疗系统。许多设备制造商开发出促进创面治愈和改善设备便携性、易用性和患者舒适度的新型设备。
目前,创面负压治疗技术的最新进展之一就是联合持续滴注灌洗,且被用于准备创面床的整个环节。持续滴注灌洗的同时可以结合负压封闭引流以间断排出灌洗液,溶液的类型和数量及其留滞时间等参数均可灵活调整。一些研究发现该系统有可去除感染灶和失活组织等潜在优势[23-26],创面负压治疗技术联合持续或间歇的滴注灌洗在促进创面愈合和创面床的准备方面将大有前途[23,25,27-30]。
大量的调查研究正在评估创面负压治疗联合滴注灌洗法的疗效,观察它对创面的影响和使用效果[23,27,31-37]。Phillips等[28]在猪试验中观察在创面负压治疗联合滴注灌洗法中分别加入6种不同的溶液,记录其对绿脓杆菌菌落数的影响,研究表明用聚亚已基双胍、聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵和聚维酮碘作为灌洗液比生理盐水更能降低创面的细菌负荷。另一研究分别对比标准NPWT、NPWT加生理盐水滴注、NPWT联合聚六亚甲基双胍液滴注和对照组用于铜绿假单胞菌感染创面的疗效,结论为NPWT联合持续滴注灌洗法比对照组和标准NPWT组更能显著降低细菌负荷[29]。这两个研究表明持续滴注法能显著减少创面菌落数,对感染伤口可能有用处。
2011年,Lehner等[27]进行了一项多中心前瞻性非随机对照试验,将NPWT联合持续滴注法用于处理植入手术的术后感染。受试对象大部分为膝盖和臀部感染患者,除接受NPWY加聚盐酸已双胍滴注治疗组外,其余患者都接受了清创灌洗和系统性的抗生素治疗。研究表明在4~6个月内,有86%急性感染和80%慢性感染患者保全了他们的关节组织。Brinkert等[30]观察131例患者(其中13%为糖尿病足溃疡)使用NPWT加生理盐水滴注治疗感染或复杂的整形外科伤口,结果发现98%的创面闭合周期平均为12 d,同时发现当创面出现生物膜时则必须加用抗菌素。
另一项研究对比标准NPWT法和NPWT加滴注灌洗治疗慢性创面。142例患者(神经性溃疡占18%~22%)在接受创面清创治疗后分为三组,74例患者接受标准NPWT治疗,34例接受6 min滴注灌洗,另外34例接受20 min滴注灌洗。研究表明,相比标准NPWT治疗组,另外两种滴注灌洗法能明显缩短手术时间和住院周期。另发现接受6 min滴注灌洗组创面闭合率为94%,而标准NPWT组仅为62%。这些发现表明NPWT滴注灌洗法在处理急性感染伤口时优于标准NPWT法[25]。但最佳的灌注解决方案还有待发现,包括灌洗液作用时间和负压的持续时间。
此外,还出现一类便携性NPWT系统包括智能负压系统(SNaP)、创面护理系统(Spiracur,Sunnyvale,CA)和PICO负压创面治疗系统(Smith&Nephew, Memphis,TN)。该系统的特点为一次性使用、噪音低和便携性佳,其中可移动性更为突出[38-40]。生物力学和动物研究已经初步表明SNaP有类似的相关特性[41-42]。2010年有一项关于SNaP治疗21例难治性创面患者的研究,其中47.6%是糖尿病性溃疡。与试验组相比,对照组采用标准伤口护理方案。结果发现SNaP与标准NPWT组有相似的治愈周期[43]。另一项多中心随机对照试验通过比较SNaP机械动力系统和VAC治疗系统,受试对象为非感染、缺血性、非糖尿病足和静脉曲张溃疡患者,在16周内,SNaP系统与VAC系统有着相似的创面收缩率和愈合率。此外还发现SNaP系统的便携性更佳[44]。笔者还把这些设施联合生物敷料应用于中厚皮片移植(STSGs),术后5~7 d,发现能增强移植成活率。该系统还广泛用于闭合高风险类手术切口[39-4]。由于其实用性和便携性较强,患者满意度较高。
创面负压治疗技术已经被证实为一种有价值的创面疗法,能够满足患者需求及提高创面治愈率。相信随着VSD技术的不断改进,其应用范围将更加广泛。
3 组织工程人工皮肤产品(CTPs)
在创面治疗领域最具挑战性的话题之一是组织工程人工皮肤产品的研发,它曾被应用于伤口闭合过程的始终环节。这类产品不仅价格昂贵且应用局限,只可用于准备完善的创面。包括STSG在内的自体组织移植,仍是闭合创面的首选方法,但并不合适缺乏可利用皮肤软组织的病患[45]。2007年Kim等[46]首次将CTPs分为皮肤诱导类产品和皮肤支架类产品。尽管这类产品种类丰富且甚为流行,但IWGDF2015版指出:对于慢性创面,任何譬如生长因子类产品、组织工程人工皮肤和气压治疗类产品,在接受标准的基础治疗之前使用是毫无意义的[22]。
皮肤诱导类产品包括Apligraf(Organogenesis Canton,MA)、Dermagraft(Organogenesis Canton,MA)、TheraSkin(Soluble Systems,LLC,Newport News,VA)、Biobrane(Smith&Nephew,Memphis,TN)和Epicel (Genzyme,Cambridge,MA)。这类产品能激活细胞潜能,促进组织新生和肉芽组织的生长[47-48]。由于Apligraf和Dermagraft这两类产品运用最为广泛,因此收集了大量宝贵数据。其中Apligraf产品是将新生儿包皮细胞种植于牛胶原蛋白基质上形成的一种双层复合敷料[49-50]。2001年Veves等[51]发现在治疗糖尿病足溃疡的研究中,Apligraf组在65 d内的治愈率为56%,而生理盐水纱布敷料组在90 d内的治愈率仅为38%。2009年另一项研究显示,Apligraf组治愈率为56%,而对照组仅为37%[52]。2003年Marston等[53]进行了一项随机前瞻性人造皮肤研究,受试对象为314例难愈合糖尿病足患者,发现在12周内Dermagraft组治愈率为30%,而生理盐水纱布敷料组仅为18.3%。
皮肤支架产品包括Integra(LifeSciences,Plainsboro,NJ)、GraftJacket(Wright Medical Technology,Arlington TN)、Oasis(Smith&Nephew,Memphis,TN)、Alloderm(Life Cell,Branchburg,NJ)和EZ Derm(Molnlycke,Gothenburg,Sweden),能为创面提供支架,协助细胞从周围组织爬行至创面而形成新生皮肤[46-47,50]。Integra作为目前最常用的CTPs产品,由Ⅰ型胶原蛋白、硫酸软骨素和一层薄膜硅胶组成[54-55]。Integra常应用于皮肤移植或运用皮肤诱导产品的前提准备[54-56]。研究者根据伤口的深度和暴露的组织多少,制定了一组使用Integra治疗复杂的下肢软组织重建的标准[57]。Integra适用于大多数较为清洁或较深的伤口。虽治疗深部伤口的难度较大,但仍有使用Integra治疗跟腱和骨裸露创面取得成功的案例。若出现跟腱外露,则待肉芽组织爬满创面后再覆盖Integra。同样,Integra用于治疗小于0.5 cm的骨暴露创面也取得了成功[57]。
另一项关于Integra对保肢手术的疗效评估的回顾性研究表明,Integra对105例受试对象(糖尿病相关占71.9%)的整体救治率为77%。根据创面感染和血供情况分为低风险组(清洁有血供)和高风险组(有细菌残留且无血供)。结果发现低风险组保肢率为83%,而高风险组只有46%[58]。
虽研究数据有限,但越来越多的证据表明,组织工程人工皮肤产品可作为创面标准化治疗方案的一种辅助手段。
4 羊膜制品
在创面治疗等领域,干细胞治疗已经成为一种颇具前途的手段,在缩短愈合时间、提高治愈率、减少疤痕挛缩、促进皮肤再生等方面扮演理想角色[59-60]。由于缺乏丰富的临床试验数据支持,干细胞治疗的研究目前尚处于初级阶段。干细胞能产生大量的生长因子和趋化因子,且有分化成不同类型细胞的潜能。根据来源不同,干细胞制品可分为同种异体和自体两类[61-63]。
目前,研究人胎盘来源的羊膜制品,处于创面治疗发展的最前沿。包括Grafix(Osiris Therapeutics,Inc,Columbia,MD)、EpiFix(MiMedx Group Inc,Marietta,GA)、AmnioClear(Liventa Bioscience,Conshohocken,PA)和NEOX(Amniox Medical Inc,Atlanta,GA)[64-65]。人羊膜制品是无血管结构的,其中包含一些生长因子如血管内皮细胞生长因子、血小板源性生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子、表皮生长因子、转化生长因子和神经生长因子[61,64-65]。大部分此类产品均需低温贮藏以保持其活性,通常需每周换新。
一些个案正在研究羊膜产品的作用,2014年Lavery的一项多中心随机对照试验评估了Grafix治疗慢性糖尿病足溃疡的临床疗效[64]。他们将患者随机分组,其中50例患者接受Grafix治疗,47例患者接受标准治疗。受试对象每周接受创面清创和疗效评估。结果为Grafix组治愈率为62%,而对照组只有21%,说明Grafix治疗对比标准治疗,治愈率差异有显著统计学意义。另外还发现Grafix治疗组能在42 d封闭创面,比之前报道的69.5 d更少。因此得以结论,羊膜制品能有效治疗慢性糖尿病足溃疡[64]。Grafix治疗的治愈率甚至比Dermagraft(30%)和Apligraf (56%)还高[51,53,64]。
尽管数据有限,但随着产能的提升,在未来几年内,相信这类产品在创面治疗方面将会发挥越来越重要的作用。
5 结论
临床医生们正不断地通过实践来改善患者的预后,创面治疗仍然是一个值得不断探讨的问题,只有通过不断探索研究,我们才能加深对伤口愈合机制的理解,并找到促进创面愈合的理想方法。尽管目前已经取得了一些重大进步,但是还缺乏高质量的随机对照试验来展示新兴产品或设备的优势。目前临床医生必须结合有限的数据和临床经验来处理各类创面。最重要的一点是,不论新兴产品和设备有多么大的优势,在使用之前,都必须遵从创面处理的基本原则,即清创、减压、控制感染和提高组织血流灌注。
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New progress in clinical wound therapy.
YU Long-wei,KE Chang-neng.Department of Burn and Plastic,Shenzhen Longhua New District Central Hospital(Guanlan Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical Uniwersity),Shenzhen 518100, Guangdong,CHINA
With the increasing demand for wound specialist treatment,there are more and more feasible methods of wound treatment.It is difficult to identify what products or devices can effectively promote wound healing.Therefore,it is necessary to discover new advances.Any wound treatment goals should be as far as possible to promote wound healing,by combining the basic treatment methods including debridement of wound,negative pressure drainage and infection control,at the same time when necessary should be combined with other advanced treatment methods.This review is to focus on the current use of continuous negative pressure drainage of wound surface,biological engineering dressing and amniotic membrane products.However,due to the lack of strong literature and experimental data,there is still much room for improvement in the research of wound healing.
Negative pressure wound therapy(NPWT);Amniotic membrane;Biological engineering dressing; Integra
R454
A
1003—6350(2017)03—0462—05
10.3969/j.issn.1003-6350.2017.03.038
2016-10-24)
广东省深圳市卫计委医学科研基金(编号:20131020)
柯昌能。E-mail:kekey88@163.com