Irbesartan对冠状动脉粥样硬化小鼠的治疗作用及可能机制
2017-02-15李增棋
余 毅 李增棋 廖 剑
(福建医科大学附属第一医院心脏外科,福州350004)
Irbesartan对冠状动脉粥样硬化小鼠的治疗作用及可能机制
余 毅 李增棋 廖 剑
(福建医科大学附属第一医院心脏外科,福州350004)
目的:明确Irbesartan对冠状动脉粥样硬化小鼠的治疗作用,并进一步分析可能的机制。方法:将16只雄性ApoE-/-小鼠给予高脂饮食(1.25%胆固醇,10%脂肪)构建冠心病模型。模型建立后将小鼠随机分为治疗组[Irbesartan,50 mg/(kg·d),4周]及对照组(等量生理盐水灌胃对照)。采用HE、ELISA、Western blot及免疫荧光技术分析疗效及机制。结果:治疗组小鼠动脉粥样斑块面积显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组血管内IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内PPAR-γ及Adiponectin水平显著升高,而Leptin水平显著降低,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Western blot及免疫荧光证实,Irbesartan显著抑制了治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内的NF-κB信号通路。结论:Irbesartan通过调节血管周围脂肪组织内PPAR-γ-NF-κb(p65)信号通路,调节血管周围脂肪组织功能及炎症,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化疗效。
厄贝沙坦;动物模型;动脉粥样硬化;脂肪组织;炎症
冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(Coronary atherosc-lerotic heart disease,CAD)是一种以冠状动脉粥样硬化性狭窄所示冠脉血流不足而引发的一系列心脏缺血、缺氧的慢性疾病[1]。CAD目前无法治愈,部分患者会在CAD的基础之上并发心肌梗死,严重者会导致患者死亡[2]。CAD的发病机制虽然并不清楚,但目前认为与西方化的生活饮食方式等相关,其中脂质代谢紊乱可能是导致动脉粥样硬化斑块形成的主要因素之一[3]。因而调节患者脂质代谢紊乱有望改善该病。厄贝沙坦(Irbesartan)是一种新型血管紧张素Ⅱ-1型(AⅡ1)-受体拮抗剂,除降压外,新近的研究表明其具有调节脂质代谢的功能[4]。ApoE基因敲除小鼠(ApoE-/-)是一种被国际学术界广泛认可的CAD动物模型。本研究尝试应用Irbesartan治疗ApoE-/-小鼠,观察其抗动脉粥样硬化疗效,并分析可能机制,以期为该病的诊疗提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
1.1 分组及干预 选取16只雄性ApoE-/-小鼠(ApoEKO;B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc,Jackson Laboratory,Bar Harbor,USA)给予高脂饮食(1.25%胆固醇,10%脂肪)构建冠心病模型[5]。模型建立后将小鼠随机分为治疗组(Treatment group)及对照组(Control group)。治疗组采用灌胃方式给予Irbesartan[50 mg/(kg·d),Shionogi & Co.Ltd.,Osaka,Japan]治疗4周;对照组给予等量生理盐水灌胃对照。两组均共同饲养于SPF环境下;防止噪声及强光灯干扰;控制室内温度在25~27℃;小鼠自由饮水和进食。实验结束后脱颈处死小鼠,取主动脉弓及血管周围脂肪,分别固定于10%中性甲醛及-80℃冻存;采集静脉血离心后取血清-80℃冻存。
1.2 检测及评估指标 两位研究员独立依据血管组织学检查,采用Image-Pro Plus软件测试并比较两组小鼠相对动脉粥样斑块面积[6];采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测小鼠主动脉弓内白介素-1β(Interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-10及肿瘤坏死因子-α(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α);采用组织病理学分析血供周围脂肪组织改变,并采用Western blot分析脂肪组织内过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma,PPAR-γ)、瘦素(Leptin)及脂联素(Adiponectin)表达;采用Western blot及免疫荧光分析血管周围脂肪组织NF-κB(p65)信号通路的改变。ELISA试剂盒均购自于R&D公司(USA),均购置于Abcam公司(England)。
2 结果
2.1 Irbesartan对ApoE-/-小鼠的治疗效果 治疗组小鼠动脉粥样斑块面积显著低于对照组,相比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见图1。
治疗组血管内IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平显著低于对照组,而IL-10水平无明显改变,相比较差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见图2。
2.2 Irbesartan对血管周围脂肪组织的影响 如图3所示,对照组小鼠血管周围脂肪中有大量炎症细胞浸润(箭头处),而经过Irbesartan治疗后,治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织炎症明显改善。
图4所示,治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内PPAR-γ及Adiponectin水平显著升高,而Leptin水平显著降低,与对照组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.3 Irbesartan对血管周围脂肪组织内NF-κB信号通路的影响 如图5A、B所示,治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织p-p65及p-IKK水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05),图5C显示p65分布于细胞核内。证实Irbesartan治疗显著抑制了血管周围脂肪组织内NF-κB信号通路。
图1 两组小鼠相对动脉粥样斑块面积比较Fig.1 Comparison of relative atheroma macular areas between two groupsNote: *.P<0.05.
图2 两组小鼠血管内炎症因子水平的比较Fig.2 Comparison of inflammatory cytokine in blood vessel between two groupsNote: *.P<0.05.
图3 两组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织病理学改变比较Fig.3 Comparison of histopathologic changes of perivascular adipose tissues between two groups
图4 两组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内脂肪因子水平的比较Fig.4 Comparison of adipocytokines in perivascular adipose tissues between two groupsNote: *.P<0.05.
图5 两组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内NF-κB信号通路的改变Fig.5 Comparison of NF-κB signaling pathway changes in perivascular adipose tissues between two groupsNote: *.P<0.05.
3 讨论
冠心病是欧美发达国家人群的主要死亡原因之一,随着我国工业化进程发展,在西方化的生活饮食方式及人口老龄化等多种因素的影响下,我国冠心病的发病率在不断攀升,已经开始具有取代恶性肿瘤成为危害人民健康的首要致死性疾病[7-9]。虽然冠心病的发病机制不清楚,但医学界逐渐认识到这是一种在遗传易感基础上,免疫、炎症、脂质代谢等多因素所共同作用下产生的疾病[10,11]。以往对该病的治疗主要集中在扩张血管上,而新近的观点认为改善脂质代谢可能具有更为深远的预后影响[12-14]。我们尝试在一个学术界公认的冠心病动物模型上采用Irbesartan治疗[15-17],观察其对血管周围脂肪的影响,以及是否可以通过调节脂肪功能而影响血管内病变。
我们的研究显示,治疗组小鼠动脉粥样斑块面积显著缩小,这提示Irbesartan治疗是有效的。进一步分析血管内炎症因子水平发现,Irbesartan治疗后血管内IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α水平显著低于对照组,而IL-10水平无明显改变。IL-1β、IL-6及TNF-α均为经典的促炎因子,主要有激活的T、B淋巴细胞及单核巨噬细胞所分泌。具有维持炎症状态及炎症级联放大作用[18]。这提示Irbesartan具有降低血管内炎症反应的作用。而IL-10是一种抑炎因子,我们的研究未发现其水平明显改变。提示Irbesartan可能并无直接诱导抑炎因子升高而产生抗炎的功能。血管周围脂肪组织病理学分析显示,对照组小鼠脂肪存在明显炎症细胞浸润[19],而治疗组小鼠脂肪炎症明显减轻。脂肪因子的分析中发现,治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内PPAR-γ及Adiponectin水平显著升高,而Leptin水平显著降低。PPAR-γ是调节脂质代谢、维持脂肪细胞生理功能、促进脂肪细胞分化成熟的重要脂肪因子[20,21]。Adiponectin是一种具有抗炎作用的脂肪因子,而Leptin具有促进炎症反应的功能[22]。这一结果提示,Irbesartan具有明确的调节脂肪细胞内炎症稳态,促进脂肪细胞功能的作用。这可能是其疗效机制之一。鉴于我们发现PPAR-γ水平在Irbesartan治疗下升高,而PPAR-γ具有调节NF-κB信号通路的作用。我们采用免疫荧光及Western blot法,证实了在Irbesartan的治疗下,治疗组小鼠血管周围脂肪组织内NF-κB信号通路被显著抑制,这可能是Irbesartan的疗效机制之一。
综上,我们的研究初步证实Irbesartan通过调节血管周围脂肪组织内PPAR-γ-NF-κB(p65)信号通路,调节血管周围脂肪组织功能及炎症,从而发挥抗动脉粥样硬化疗效。提示调节血管周围脂肪组织功能及炎症是抗动脉粥样硬化治疗的一个潜在靶点。
[1] Li JJ,Li S,Zhang Y,etal.Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,C-reactive protein,coronary severity,and outcomes in patients with stable coronary artery disease:a prospective observational cohort study[J].Medicine (Baltimore),2015,94(52):e2426.
[2] Ozmen YP,Yildiz I,Ozmen C,etal.Relation between coronary artery calcium score and serum tenascin-C level in patients without known coronary artery disease[J].Acta Cardiol,2015,70(6):633-639.
[3] Roghani-Dehkordi F,Hadizadeh M,Hadizadeh F.Percutaneous transulnar artery approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty;A case series study[J].ARYA Atheroscler,2015,11(5):305-309.
[4] Wang C,Min C,Rong X,etal.Irbesartan can improve blood lipid and the kidney function of diabetic nephropathy[J].Discov Med,2015,20(108):67-77.
[5] Park SH,Sung YY,Nho KJ,etal.Anti-atherosclerotic effects of Polygonum aviculare L.ethanol extract in ApoE knock-out mice fed a Western diet mediated via the MAPK pathway[J].J Ethnopharmacol,2014,151(3):1109-1115.
[6] Song G,Liu J,Zhao Z,etal.Simvastatin reduces atherogenesis and promotes the expression of hepatic genes associated with reverse cholesterol transport in apoE-knockout mice fed high-fat diet[J].Lipids Health Dis,2011,10:8.
[7] Ghazal A,Roghani F,Sadeghi M,etal.Obstructive sleep apnea,diagnosed by the Berlin questionnaire and association with coronary artery disease severity[J].ARYA Atheroscler,2015,11(5):275-280.
[8] 王 波,王临池,赵翼洪,等.2009-2013年苏州20岁及以上居民冠心病发病率变化趋势及类型分析[J].中国全科医学,2015,18(24):2952-2956.
[9] 武海滨,胡如英,龚巍巍,等.2010至2012年浙江省25岁及以上居民急性冠心病事件监测[J].中华心血管病杂志,2015,43(2):179-183.
[10] Zwierzina ME,Ejaz A,Bitsche M,etal.Characterization of DLK1(PREF1)(+)/CD34(+) cells in vascular stroma of human white adipose tissue[J].Stem Cell Res,2015,15(2):403-418.
[11] Sher-I-Murtaza M,Ali RHM,Raza BMA,etal.Myocardial Protection with multiport antegrade cold blood cardioplegia and continuous controlled warm shot through vein grafts during proximal ends anastomosis in conventional coronary artery bypass graft[J].J Pak Med Assoc,2016,66(1):53-58.
[12] Xia N,Horke S,Habermeier A,etal.Uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in perivascular adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice[J].Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,2016,36(1):78-85.
[13] Ayala-Lopez N,AUID- Oho,Jackson WF,etal.Organic cation transporter 3 contributes to norepinephrine uptake into perivascular adipose tissue[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2015,309(11):H1904-1914.
[14] Andreeva ER,Lobanova MV,Udartseva OO,etal.Response of adipose tissue-derived stromal cells in tissue-related O2 microenvironment to short-term hypoxic stress[J].Cells Tissues Organs,2014,200(5):307-315.
[15] Zhou M,Xu H,Liu W,etal.Rosiglitazone modulates collagen deposition and metabolism in atherosclerotic plaques of fat-fed ApoE-knockout mice[J].Exp Ther Med,2015,10(4):1265-1270.
[16] Jiang Y,Jiang LL,Maimaitirexiati XM,etal.Irbesartan attenuates TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1,VCAM-1,and E-selectin expression through suppression of NF-kappaB pathway in HUVECs[J].Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci,2015,19(17):3295-3302.
[17] Yu QX,Zhang H,Xu WH,etal.Effect of irbesartan on chemerin in the renal tissues of diabetic rats[J].Kidney Blood Press Res,2015,40(5):467-477.
[18] Enayati S,Seifirad S,Amiri P,etal.Interleukin-1 beta,interferon-gamma,and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with coronary artery disease[J].ARYA Atheroscler,2015,11(5):267-274.
[19] Beltowski J,Guranowski A,Jamroz-Wisniewska A,etal.Hydrogen-sulfide-mediated vasodilatory effect of nucleoside 5′-monophosphorothioates in perivascular adipose tissue[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2015,93(7):585-595.
[20] Zhu C,Wei J,Tian X,etal.Prognostic role of PPAR-gamma and PTEN in the renal cell carcinoma[J].Int J Clin Exp Pathol,2015,8(10):12668-12677.
[21] Pottabathini R,Kumar A,Bhatnagar A,etal.Ameliorative potential of pioglitazone and ceftriaxone alone and in combination in rat model of neuropathic pain:Targeting PPARgamma and GLT-1 pathways[J].Pharmacol Rep,2016,68(1):85-94.
[22] Nguyen PA,Heggermont WA,Vanhaverbeke M,etal.Leptin-adiponectin ratio in pre-diabetic patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention[J].Acta Cardiol,2015,70(6):640-646.
[收稿2016-03-11 修回2016-04-22]
(编辑 张晓舟)
Therapeutical effect of Irbesartan for coronary atherosclerosis mice (ApoE-/-)and its possible mechanisms
YUYi,LIZeng-Qi,LIAOJian.
DepartmentofCardiacSurgery,FirstAffiliatedHospitalofFujianMedicalUniversity,Fuzhou350004,China
Objective:To analyze the therapeutical effect of Irbesartan for coronary atherosclerosis mice (ApoE-/-) and its possible mechanisms.Methods: A total of 16 male ApoE-/-mice were randomly divided into control group and Treatment group [Irbesartan,50 mg/(kg·d),4 weeks].HE,immunofluorescence,Western blot and ELISA were performed to analyze the effect of Irbesartan on ApoE-/-and the changes of related signaling pathways.Results: Compared with control group,the treatment group had lower atheroma macular areas and inflammatory cytokines in blood vessel (P<0.05).Treatment group had lower levels of leptin,but higher levels of PPAR-γ and adiponectin in perivascular adipose tissues (PVAT) than these of control group,the difference were statistically significant (P<0.05).Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis shown that Irbesartan treatment significantly depressed the expression of p-p65 and p-IKK in PVAT when compared with these of control group (P<0.05).Conclusion: Irbesartan has significantly therapeutic effect on ApoE-/-mice,the possible mechanisms including anti-inflammatory effects in PVAT,improved the adipose tissue function and regulated the PPAR-γ-NF-κB signaling pathways.
Irbesartan;Animal model;Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease;Adipose tissue;Inflammation
10.3969/j.issn.1000-484X.2017.01.026
余 毅(1981年-),男,硕士,主治医师,主要从事冠心病方面的研究,E-mail:13957510@qq.com。
及指导教师:李增棋(1964年-),男,博士,主任医师,主要从事复杂先天性心脏病纠治术/心脏瓣膜替换术方面的研究,E-mail:zqli888@yahoo.com。
R541.7
A
1000-484X(2017)01-0126-04