缺血性脑卒中与相关基因多态性的研究进展
2017-01-20施蕊胡钊余显伦何海燕张昌飞田孟华杨为民王涛
施蕊胡钊余显伦何海燕张昌飞田孟华杨为民王涛
缺血性脑卒中与相关基因多态性的研究进展
施蕊1胡钊2余显伦3何海燕3张昌飞3田孟华3杨为民1王涛4
缺血性卒中(IS)是脑血管疾病的常见类型,目前尚缺乏有效的治疗措施,以预防缺血性脑卒中为主。即从基因水平早期对健康人群筛查,对相关遗传易感人群进行干预。与缺血性脑卒中相关候选的基因包括:脂代谢相关基因;同型半胱氨酸及代谢酶基因;肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统基因;环加氧酶基因;一氧化氮合酶基因;炎症反应相关因子基因等。
缺血性脑卒中;基因多态性;候选基因
老年人因动脉粥样硬化,或不稳定斑块等导致的脑卒中是目前全球高致残率及致死率的疾病[1]。在幸存的新发脑卒中患者中,丧失能力者达75%,重度致残者达45%[2]。缺血性脑卒中发病机制复杂,为遗传和环境因素共同作用导致[3]。全基因组关联研究(Genome-wide Association Study,GWAS)已成为揭示复杂疾病遗传机制的一种重要方法[4]。且国际人类基因组单体型图计划(Hap Map计划)为相关疾病的基因学研究提供了更有效的选择SNP位点的工具[5]。
1 与缺血性脑卒中有关的基因多态性的检测
全基因组关联分析(Genome-wide Association Study,GWAS)是对人类全基因组范围内发生的序列变异进行筛检,即单核苷酸多态性(Single Nucleotide Polymorphism,SNP)检测,能特异代表该单体型区域内大多数SNP位点的某个SNP为“SNPs”。GWAS可从中筛选出与疾病相关的SNPs[6]。研究显示[7],在人类基因组中,SNP分为3类区域:基因编码区单核苷酸多态性(cSNPs)、随机非编码区单核苷酸多态性(rSNPs)、基因调控区单核苷酸多态性(pSNPs),其中cSNPs及pSNPs能改变基因功能,对基因表型影响较明显。GWAS分析可灵敏地检测到与脑卒中相关的基因多态性。
2 与脑卒中相关的基因多态性
2.1 脂代谢相关基因多态性
脂代谢障碍易导致动脉粥样硬化(Atherosclerosis,AS),AS是脑梗死的主要病理基础,因此脂代谢相关基因多态性一直是脑梗死病因研究的重点。脂代谢相关基因主要包括载脂蛋白(Apolipoproteins,Apo)、脂蛋白脂酶(Lipoprotein Lipase,LPL)、对氧磷酶(Paraoxonases,PONs)腺苷三磷酸结合盒转运体A1(ABCA1)。
2.1.1 载脂蛋白(Apo)基因多态性 载脂蛋白(Apo)包括ApoA、ApoB、ApoC、ApoD 、ApoE五类。目前研究较多的是ApoA、ApoE。Helgadottir A[8]等研究ApoA的基因多态性与血管疾病关系表明,ApoA的基因多态性位点rs10455872和rs3798220与AS、缺血性脑梗死密切相关。
人类ApoE主要在肝脏和脑组织合成,星形细胞是脑中ApoE的主要合成部位。ApoE有2种常见的等位基因位点rs429358和rs74123,其有3个等位基因(ε2、ε3、ε4)产生3种异构体E2、E3、E4[9]。ApoE作为LDL和VLDL受体,与人类的血脂水平、动脉粥样硬化及心脑血管疾病相关[10]。几个Meta分析表明[11-12]早发型IS患者中,ApoEε 4等位基因携带者IS患病风险比ε 2、ε 3等位基因携带者要高。通过病例研究也证实亚洲和欧洲人群IS患者ε 4等位基因频率升高,其是IS发病的一个危险因素[13]。尤其是与颅内大动脉性IS相关[14]。
2.1.2 脂蛋白脂酶(LPL)基因多态性 转录后的LPL是一种糖蛋白,可水解血液中乳糜微粒(CM)和VLDL颗粒内的甘油三酯(TG),生成甘油和游离脂肪酸。目前已发现有110余种LPL基因突变。其中HindⅢ、PvuⅡ及Ser447Ter的基因多态性是研究热点。HindⅢ基因多态性是LPL第8内含子碱基T→G替换引起,PvuⅡ基因多态性是LPL第6内含子碱基C→T替换引起。HindⅢ基因多态性的H+等位基因和PvuⅡ基因多态性的P+等位基因与较高的TG和较低HDL浓度有关[15]。Ser447Ter基因多态性是LPL第9外显子的1595碱基发生C→G替换,启动子Ser(TCA)447提前变为终止子Ter(TGA)447引起(突变前记作S,突变后记为X)。X等位基因与较低的TG和较高HDL浓度有关[16]。Luk AO等[17]研究伴二型糖尿病的缺血性脑梗死患者表明,Ser(TCA)447X是中国人群患IS的危险因素。但也有研究结果与之相反,Shimo-Nakanishi Y等[18]发现日本IS患者Ser(TCA)447X等位基因频率下降,可减少动脉血栓的形成,其是缺血性脑血管疾病的保护基因。Xu E等[19]研究表明IS组PvuⅡ的P+等位基因增高,Ser(TCA)447X基因频率下降,也证实在我国PvuⅡ的P+等位基因和Ser(TCA)447X等位基因分别是IS患者的易感基因和保护基因。Munshi A[20]研究表明HindⅢ基因多态性与IS显著相关。
2.2 同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)及代谢酶基因多态性
同型半胱氨酸升高是缺血性脑卒中发病的独立危险因素之一[21]。在2011年美国心脏协会与脑卒中协会公布的脑卒中一级预防指南中指出,Hcy 升高,患AS性血管疾病(包括卒中)的风险增加2~3倍[22]。关于同型半胱氨酸代谢酶基因多态性研究,主要包括:5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因、胱硫醚合成酶基因、甲硫氨酸合成酶基因和甲硫氨酸合成酶还原酶基因。MTHFR是Hcy代谢过程中的关键酶之一,其基因多态性可显著影响血浆Hcy 水平。
MTHFR基因多态性:MTHFR基因定位于人类1 p36.3常染色体上。现已确定在MTHFR基因上有超过40个点突变,其中以有9个SNPs rs12121543,rs13306561,rs13306553,rs9651118,rs1801133,rs2274976,rs4846048,rs1801131,rs17037396 较为常见,引起C→T碱基变异。其中C677T (rs1801133 ) 和A1298C(rs1801131)点突变最为常见,在最新研究中表明两者与脑梗死显著相关。Zhou等[23]研究结果表明,在我国MTHFR 基因的C677T和A1298C与缺血性卒中的风险明显相关,Fekih-Mrissa N等[24]对突尼斯人群研究也有一致结论。Meta分析结果也表明MTHFR的C677T[25]和A1298C[26-27]基因多态性会增加成人缺血性脑卒中的风险。但Balcerzyk A等[28]通过比例对照研究表明MTHFR的A1298C基因多态性与小孩缺血性脑梗死无关。
但先前对MTHFR的C677T和A1298C基因多态性与脑梗死关系的研究有两种相反的结果。Zhao X 等[29]通过定量评价表明C677T的TT基因型在亚洲人群中出现的频率较高,亚洲人出现脑卒中的风险更高。Li P等[25]进行MTHFR基因与脑梗塞敏感性的Meta分析,结果表明C677T基因多态性与缺血性脑梗死发病的风险提高有显著相关性。Somarajan BI[30]等通过病例对照研究表明,北印度出血性和缺血性IS患者与C677T基因多态性无关,只是缺血性脑梗死Hcy水平升高与之相关。Lv Q等[31]研究表明A1298C基因多态性可增加亚洲人患IS风险,但与高加索人无关联。MTHFR的C677T和A1298C基因多态性与脑梗死关系的研研究目前尚无统一定论,归结2方面原因.一是上述基因多态性具有种族差异性;二是基因突变存在地区差异性,二者又相互影响导致研究结果不尽相同。
2.3 环氧合酶(COX)基因多态性
COX是催化花生四烯酸合成内源性前列腺素(PGs)和血栓素(TXA2)的限速酶。COX在人体内主要有COX-1和COX-2两种亚型。COX-2为诱导型,在炎症等信号刺激下生成。在COX-2基因多态性位点中,765G→C多态性是最常见的位点之一。Yi XY等[32]研究表明765G→C多态性与脑梗发病显著相关。另外一项研究表明COX-2的765G→C 和1195G→A基因多态性与大动脉硬化性脑梗死显著相关[33]。COX-1的rs1330344基因位点的CC基因型增加缺血性脑梗死风险[34]。
2.4 一氧化氮合酶基多态性
一氧化氮合酶(NOS)是一种同工酶,分别存在于内皮细胞、巨噬细胞、神经吞噬细胞及神经细胞中。同功酶有三种亚型,即在正常状态下表达的神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS或NOS1)和内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS或NOS3)以及在损伤后诱导表达的诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS或NOS2)。
Bushueva OY等[35]研究发现NOS3的298DD和786T→C增加脑梗死的风险,且抽烟使298DD和786T→C出现的概率更高。786T→C和 894G→T基因多态性会增加韩国人动脉粥样硬化性IS风险[36]。但也有不一致的研究结果,Guo X[37]的Meta分析表明894G→T与亚洲人IS显著相关,86T→C基因多态性与IS无关。Akhter MS等[38]研究在印度年轻人群中894G→T和2479G→A基因多态性是IS发病的危险因素。
2.5 炎症反应相关因子基因多态性
白细胞介素是由多种细胞产生并作用于多种细胞的一类细胞因子,目前至少发现了38个白细胞介素,分别命名为IL-1-IL38,在传递信息,激活与调节免疫细胞,介导T、B细胞活化、及在炎症反应中起重要作用。白细胞介素基因IL-1、IL-10、IL-6基因多态性是主要的候选基因。IL-1有IL-1α和IL-1β两种存在形式。Zou L等[39]通过Meta分析了IL-1三个等位基因,结果表明IL-1α-889C→T基因多态性可增加IS 风险。JinJ等[40]的Meta分析发现IL10 -1082 A→G与亚洲人群IS有关,1082 A等位基因可增加IS风险。另外IL10的3个等位基因rs1800872, rs1554286和 rs3021094可增加IS风险,该基因多态性可作为缺血性IS的生物标记[41]。人类IL-6基因位于第7号染色体上,参与炎症反应。IL-6-174G→C和572C→G基因多态性与年轻人缺血性IS发病相关[42]。Qi XF等[43]研究也表明IL-1B rs1864169CC和IL-6 rs1800796 TT基因型增加缺血性IS风险。
3 讨论
据世界卫生组织统计数据,脑卒中的发病率和患病率分别为90/10万人和307/10万人,尤以东太洋、欧洲、东南亚发病率居高,其中85%的卒中为缺血性卒中[2]。脑卒中在人类各种疾病死因居第二位[44]。目前还没有较好的治疗措施,找到其遗传因素的致病机制对临床的预防以及治疗提供有力依据。近年来国内外临床研究热点逐渐转移为寻找与脑卒中相关基因以及其多态性的检测。
[1] Del BA,Pumbo V,Lamassa M,et a1. Progressive lacunar stroke: Review of mechanisms, prognostic features, and putative treatments[J].International Journal of Stroke Official Journal of the International Stroke Society,2012,7(4):321.
[2] Kisialiou A,Grella R,Carrizzo A,et a1. Risk factors and acute ischemic stroke subtypes[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2014,339(1-2):41-46.
[3] Meschia JF,Worrall BB,Rich SS. Genetic susceptibility to ischemic stroke[J]. Nature Reviews Neurology,2011,7(7):369-378.
[4] Pearson TA,Manolio TA. How to interpret a genome—wide association study[J]. Jama the Journal of the American Medical Association,2008,299(11):1335-1344.
[5] Lian G,Yan Y,Jianxiong L,et a1. The rsl1833579 and r81242579l polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke in an Asianpopulation:a meta analysis[J]. Thromb Res,2012,130(3):e95-102.
[6] Selvaraj P,Rosse WF,Silber R,et a1. The major Fc receptor in blood has a phosphatidylinositol anchor and is deficient in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria[J]. Nature,1988,333(6173):565-567.
[7] Nakano Y,lshida T,Ozono R,et a1. A frameshift mutation of beta subunit of epithelial sodium channel in a case of isolated Liddle syndrome[J]. Journal of Hypertension,2003,20(12):2379-2382.
[8] Helgadottir A,Gretarsdottir S,Thorleifsson G,et a1.Apolipoprotein(a) Genetic Sequence Variants Associated With Systemic Atherosclerosis and Coronary Atherosclerotic Burden But Not With Venous Thromboembolism[J]. Journal of the American College of Cardiology,2012,60(8):722-729.
[9] Mahley RW,Jr RS. Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein[J]. Genomics and Human Genetics,2000,1(1):507-537.
[10] Khan TA,Shah T,Prieto D,et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype,cardiovascular biomarkers and risk of stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis of 14,015 stroke cases and pooled analysis of primary biomarker data from up to 60,883 individuals[J]. International Journal of Epidemiology,2013,42(2):475-492.
[11] Wang QY,Wang WJ,Wu L,et a1. Meta-analysis of APOE ε2/ ε3/ε4 polymorphism and cerebral infarction[J]. J Neural Transm(Vienna),2013,120(10):1479-1489.
[12] Gu L,Su L,Chen Q,et al. Association between the apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and ischemic stroke in Chinese populations: New data and meta-analysis[J]. Experimental & Therapeutic Medicine,2013,5(3):853-859.
[13] Kumar A, Sagar R, Kumar P, et al. Identification of genetic contribution to ischemic stroke by screening of single nucleotide polymorphisms in stroke patients by using a case control study design[J]. BMC Neurology,2013,3(13):136.
[14] Chutinet A,Suwanwela NC,Snabboon T,et a1. Association between genetic polymorphisms and sites of cervicocerebral artery atherosclerosis[J]. Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases the Official Journal of National Stroke Association,2012,21(5):379-385.
[15] Duman BS,Türkoğlu C,Akpinar B,et al. Lipoprotein Lipase gene polymorphism and lipid profile in coronary artery disease[J]. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine,2004,128(8):869-874.
[16] Sawano M,Watanabe Y,Ohmura H,et al. Potentially protective effects of the Ser447- Ter mutation of the lipoprotein lipase gene against the development of coronary artery disease in Japanese subjects via a beneficial lipid profile[J]. Japanese circulation journal,2001,65(4):310-314.
[17] Luk AO,Wang Y,Ma RCW,et al. Predictive role of polymorphisms in interleukin-5 receptor alpha-subunit,lipoprotein lipase, integrin A2 and nitric oxide synthase genes on ischemic stroke in type 2 diabetes--an 8-year prospective cohort analysis of 1327 Chinese patients[J]. Atherosclerosis,2011,215(1):130-135.
[18] Shimo-Nakanishi Y,Urabe T,Hattori N,et al. Polymorphism of the lipoprotein lipase gene and risk of atherothrombotic cerebral infarction in the Japanese[J]. Stroke,2001,32(7):1481-1486.
[19] Xu E,Li W,Zhan L,et al. Polymorphisms of the lipoprotein lipase gene are associated with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Chinese[J]. Neuroscience,2008,155(2):403-408.
[20] Munshi A. Genetic variation in MDR1, LPL and eNOS genes and the response to atorvastatin treatment in ischemic stroke[J]. Human Genetics,2012,131(11):1775-1781.
[21] Ashjazadeh N,Fathi M,Shariat A. Evaluation of Homocysteine Level as a Risk Factor among Patients with Ischemic Stroke and Its Subtypes[J]. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences,2013,38(3):233-239.
[22] Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B,et al.Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association[J].Stroke,2014,45(12):3754-832.
[23] Zhou BS,Bu GY,Li M,et al. Tagging SNPs in the MTHFR gene and risk of ischemic stroke in a Chinese population[J]. International Journal of Molecular Sciences,2014,15(5):8931-8940.
[24] Fekih-Mrissa N,Mrad M,Klai S,et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (C677T and A1298C) polymorphisms,hyperhomocysteinemia, and ischemic stroke in Tunisian patients[J].Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases the Official Journal of National Stroke Association,2013,22(4):465-469.
[25] Li P,Qin C. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to ischemic stroke: a metaanalysis[J]. Gene,2014,535(2):359-364.
[26] Zhang MJ,Hu ZC,Yin YW,et al. A meta-analysis of the relationship between MTHFR gene A1298C polymorphism and the risk of adult stroke[J]. Cerebrovascular Diseases,2014,38(6):425-432.
[27] Kang S,Wu Y,Liu L,et al. Association of the A1298C polymorphism in MTHFR gene with ischemic stroke[J]. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia,2014,21(2):198-202.
[28] Balcerzyk A,Niemiec P,Kopyta I,et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene A1298C polymorphism in pediatric stroke--case-control and family- based study[J]. Journal of Stroke & Cerebrovascular Diseases,2015,24(1):61-65.
[29] Zhao X,Jiang H. Quantitative assessment of the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphism and hemorrhagic stroke risk[J].Molecular Biology Reports,2013,40(1):573-578.
[30] Somarajan BI ,Kalita J,Mittal B,et al. Evaluation of MTHFR C677T polymorphism in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke patients. A case-control study in a Northern Indian population[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2011,304(1-2):67-70.
[31] Lv Q,Lu J,Wu W,et al. Association of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene A1298C polymorphism with stroke risk based on a meta-analysis[J]. Genetics & Molecular Research Gmr,2013,12(4):6882-6894.
[32] Yi XY,Zhou Q,Lin J,et al. Interaction between ALOX5APSG13S114A/T and COX-2-765G/C increases susceptibility to cerebral infarction in a Chinese population[J]. Genetics & Molecular Research Gmr,2013,12(2):1660-1669.
[33] Chen GZ,Shan XY,Cheng GP,et al. Cyclooxygenase-2 genetic polymorphism and stroke subtypes in Chinese[J]. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience,2013,51(2):467-473.
[34] Cao L,Zhang Z,Sun W,et al. Impacts of COX-1 gene polymorphisms on vascular outcomes in patients with ischemic stroke and treated with aspirin[J]. Gene,2014,546(2):172-176.
[35] Bushueva OY,Stetskaya TA,Korogodina TV,et al. The combined effect of E298D polymorphism of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene and smoking on the risk of cerebral stroke[J]. Russian Journal of Genetics,2015,51(2):256-262.
[36] Kang MK,Kim OJ,Jeon YJ,et al. Interplay between polymorphisms in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)gene and metabolic syndrome in determining the risk of ischemic stroke in Koreans[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2014,344(1-2):55-59.
[37] Guo X. Endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS) gene G894T and VNTR polymorphisms are closely associated with the risk of ischemic stroke development for Asians: meta-analysis of epidemiological studies[J]. Molecular Biology Reports,2014,41(4):2571-2583.
[38] Akhter MS,Biswas A,Rashid H,et al. Screening of the NOS3 gene identifies the variants 894G/T, 1998C/G and 2479G/A to be associated with acute onset ischemic stroke in young Asian Indians[J]. Journal of the Neurological Sciences,2014,344(1-2):69-75.
[39] Zou L,Zhao H,Gong X,et al. The association between three promoter polymorphisms of IL-1 and stroke: a meta-analysis[J].Gene,2015,567(1):36-44.
[40] Jin J,Li W,Peng L,et al. Relationship between interleukin-10 -1082A/G polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke: a metaanalysis[J]. PLoS One,2014,9(4):e94631.
[41] Xie G,Myint PK,Zaman MJ,et al. Relationship of serum interleukin-10 and its genetic variations with ischemic stroke in a Chinese general population[J]. PLoS One,2013,8(9):e74126.
[42] Yang X,Feng L,Li C,et al. Association of IL-6-174G > C and -572C > G polymorphisms with risk of young ischemic stroke patients[J]. Gene,2014,539(2):258-262.
[43] Qi XF,Feng TJ,Yang P,et al. Role of inflammatory parameters in the susceptibility of cerebral thrombosis[J]. Genetics & Molecular Research Gmr,2014,13(3):6350-6355.
[44] Macrez R, Ali C, Toutirais O, et al. Stroke and the immune system: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic strategies[J]. Lancet neurology,2011,10(5):471-480.
Recent Research Prograss in Ischemic and Interrelated Gene Polymorphism
SHI Rui1HU Zhao2YU Xianlun3HE Haiyan3ZHANG Changfei3TIAN Menghua3YANG Weimin1WANG Tao41 Pharmaceutical School & Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China, 2 Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650500, China, 3 Zhaotong Institute of Gastrodia Elata, Zhaotong Yunnan 657000, China, 4 Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing Jiangsu 210008, China
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a common type of cerebral vascular disease, and there is still a lack of effective treatment for ischemic stroke. It is important to prevent ischemic stroke. In the early stage of the genetic level, it is a hot topic to study the intervention of the related genetic susceptible population. The candidate genes associated with ischemic stroke include lipid metabolism related genes; homocysteine and metabolic genes; renin angiotensin aldosterone system gene; cyclooxygenase gene; nitric oxide synthase gene; inflammation factor related genes.
ischemic stroke; gene polymorphism; candidate gene
R743.3
A
1674-9316(2017)01-0139-04
10.3969/j.issn.1674-9316.2017.01.091
国家自然科学基金(30960450;81560589)
基金项目:云南省科技厅联合专项(2014FA010;2013FB128;2014FB037)
基金项目:云南省教育厅科学研究基金重大专项(ZD2015009)
1 昆明医科大学药学院暨云南省天然药物药理重点实验室,云南 昆明 650500;2 昆明医科大学第一附属医院心内科,云南 昆明 650500;3 昭通市天麻研究院,云南 昭通 657000;4 南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院心胸外科,江苏南京 210008
王涛,E-mail:wangtao_pumc@ live.cn