肺纤维化疾病生物标志物的研究进展
2017-01-15何兴轩
陈 明,曾 明,何兴轩
(1.中南大学公共卫生学院卫生毒理系,湖南长沙 410078;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York,NY 10029,USA)
·综 述·
肺纤维化疾病生物标志物的研究进展
陈 明1,曾 明1,何兴轩2
(1.中南大学公共卫生学院卫生毒理系,湖南长沙 410078;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York,NY 10029,USA)
肺纤维化是一组由多种病因引起的慢性肺部疾病,其病因复杂,发病机制不明,目前大部分肺纤维化疾病尚无有效治疗方法,患者生存质量和预后较差。近年来,关于肺纤维化疾病的易感和效应生物标志物研究取得重要进展,其对疾病的筛查和早期诊断,乃至疗效评估和预后判断都具有重要意义。本文综述了与特发性肺纤维化(IPF)相关的MUC5B基因多态性和基质金属蛋白酶7、与矽肺相关的血红素加氧酶1和血硒及与多种肺纤维化疾病相关的涎液化糖链抗原6、肺表面活性蛋白D和鞘磷脂类信号通路等潜在生物标志物的研究进展,为深入探讨肺纤维化疾病的预防和诊治提供新思路。
肺;纤维化;生物标志物
肺纤维化是由多种病因引起的以大量成纤维细胞增殖和聚集,间质胶原增多及细胞外基质(extra⁃cellular matrix,ECM)沉积,同时伴有炎症和损伤导致组织结构破坏和功能受损为特征的一组慢性肺部疾病,包括特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmo⁃nary fibrosis,IPF)、尘肺、过敏性肺炎、结节病(又称肉样瘤病)及药物和放射线导致的肺纤维化[1]。IPF是常见的肺纤维化疾病之一,2000~2012年欧洲和北美地区的IPF发病率约为3~9/10万人年,东亚和南美地区稍低,但IPF的发病率呈逐年上升趋势,且随年龄而增加[2]。美国≥65岁医疗保险人群中IPF的发病率达93.7/10万人年,患者确诊后的中位生存期约为3.8年[3]。矽肺也是一种严重的肺纤维化疾病,以肺部广泛结节性纤维化为主,近年来我国每年报告的矽肺新患者约1万例,占职业病总报告例数的30%~40%[4]。肺纤维化疾病的病因复杂,发病机制尚未完全阐明,不同患者病情变化差异较大,临床上通过患者症状和影像学及病理组织学结果等进行诊断,但往往一经诊断已处于晚期,患者在疾病早期多为可逆炎症性的病理改变,而发展至肺纤维化阶段则无法逆转,这对患者的预后和结局极为不利,且目前缺乏有效的治疗药物和方法,患者生存期和生命质量普遍低,疾病死亡率高,因此肺纤维化疾病的早防和早诊显得极为重要。近年来,学者们致力于探寻和研究各种肺纤维化疾病相关的生物学标志物,如易感生物标志以筛检高危人群,效应生物标志反映早期生物效应、肺组织结构和(或)功能改变及疾病形成,连续监测其水平有助于诊断疾病、评估疗效、预测患者临床转归和结局等。虽然目前尚无相关生物标志物应用于临床,但研究也取得了重要进展,本文将重点介绍几种IPF和矽肺等肺纤维化疾病相关的生物学标志物的进展。
1 IPF相关生物标志物
1.1 黏蛋白5B(mucin 5B,MUC5B)
MUC5B是支气管腺体分泌的一种凝胶形成型黏蛋白,是呼吸道黏液的主要成分,在保护呼吸道上皮细胞和气道黏膜免疫防御中具有关键作用[5]。近年来研究显示,MUC5B基因变异与IPF疾病发病相关。Seibold等[6]应用全基因组连锁扫描检测了83例家族性间质性肺炎、492例散发性IPF患者和322例对照人群的肺组织中黏蛋白基因的遗传变异,发现编码MUC5B基因启动子区一个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)(G>T的变异),记为rs35705950 SNP。结果显示,携带突变T基因(纯合子突变TT型和杂合子突变GT型)者与无突变T基因者相比,其家族性间质性肺炎的患病风险〔比值比(odds ratio,OR)分别为6.8和20.8〕与散发性IPF的患病风险(OR值分别为9.0和21.8)均增加,这提示MUC5B基因变异可能是家族性间质性肺炎和IPF发病的危险因素。随后Wei等[7]发现,MUC5B基因变异与IPF的关联强度高于过敏性肺炎等其他间质性肺疾病(intersti⁃tial lung disease,ILD)。Stock等[8]研究也表明,rs35705950 SNP是IPF发病的危险因素,与肉样瘤病及系统性硬化症相关ILD(systemic sclerosisassociated ILD,SSc-ILD)无相关性。Borie等[9]发现,T等位基因的分布不受年龄、性别、肺功能和吸烟习惯等的影响,但可能与种族相关,其在法国黑人IPF患者中未检测到危险的T等位基因。Hori⁃masu等[10]检测日本和德国IPF患者血中DNA也发现,MUC5B rs35705950 SNP的T等位基因频率虽均高于其健康对照人群,但日本的IPF、非特异性间质性肺炎患者及健康人群中T基因频率皆显著低于德国(3.4%,1.7%和0.8%vs 33.1%,27.4%和4.3%)。Wang等[11]检测中国IPF患者血样本DNA也发现,健康人群中T等位基因频率明显低于文献中对白种人群的记录(0.66%vs 10%)。另一项研究[12]也指出,rs35705950 SNP是墨西哥IPF患者的危险因素(OR=7.36),但与韩国IPF患者无明显关联。综上,对肺组织和血液样本的检测结果均显示,MUC5B rs35705950 SNP是IPF患病的危险因素,提示其可作为IPF疾病的易感性生物标志物,但其是否对不同种族人群具有不同的意义需要深入研究。
此外,MUC5B突变可能对评估IPF疾病的预后具有一定价值。在欧和美进行的两项队列研究均显示,基因型为GT和TT的IPF患者的死亡风险明显低于基因型为GG的患者;且在增加MUC5B基因型这一因素后IPF生存模型的预测准确率显著提高[13]。MUC5B基因突变被认为是IPF发病的危险因素,又显示出与IPF患者生存率提高存在关联,可能的解释是其引起IPF发病风险增加而危害程度较小,导致其发病率增高而死亡率相对降低。但Jiang等[14]研究发现,MUC5B rs35705950基因多态性不仅增加IPF的易感性,同时也增加疾病的严重程度,降低患者的总体生存率,其5年随访研究显示与野生型纯合子的IPF患者相比,携带T等位基因的IPF患者用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)和一氧化碳弥散量(diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide of the lung,DLCO)均下降,总体生存率也有所降低。
1.2 基质金属蛋白酶7(matrix metalloprotease-7,MMP-7)
MMP是一组结构和功能相似的内肽酶,MMP-7是其中一员,由激活的Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞产生,通过调控ECM代谢,激活或降解生长因子、趋化因子和细胞表面受体,促进细胞迁移等在肺纤维化疾病中发挥重要作用。正常状态下MMP分泌较低,而在组织损伤修复过程中分泌明显增加[15]。Zuo等[16]发现,IPF患者肺泡和细支气管上皮细胞内含有大量MMP-7,而正常肺实质中含量极微,用博来霉素气管滴注MMP-7基因敲除小鼠发现其并不发生肺纤维化,这提示MMP-7可能是肺纤维化形成的一个重要调控因子。Foster等[17]在IPF患者支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中也检测到表达增加的MMP-7。此外,IPF患者BALF中有过量MMP-7的前体物质(proMMP-7)和少量激活的MMP-7,其含量显著高于健康对照组[18]。Morais等[19]分析MMP-7对IPF和其他肺纤维化疾病的鉴别诊断能力发现,IPF患者血清MMP-7水平明显高于健康对照组、普通型间质性肺炎、继发性非特异性间质性肺炎和肉样瘤病患者;通过受试者工作特征曲线分析,发现当MMP-7截断值为3.91 μg·L-1时,其曲线下面积、灵敏度和特异度分别为0.73%,72.3%和66.3%,这表明MMP-7可有效区分IPF与其他肺纤维化疾病。Rosas等[20]发现,IPF患者血清中MMP-7浓度明显高于过敏性肺炎、肉瘤样病和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases,COPD)患者,结合血清MMP-1和MMP-7水平可有效鉴别亚急性(慢性)过敏性肺炎和IPF,敏感度和特异度分别为96.3%和87.2%。IPF患者血清和BALF中MMP-7均明显高于结节病患者,且与患者肺弥散功能指标DLCO呈负相关[21]。与轻度IPF和COPD患者比较,中度IPF患者肺组织中MMP-7基因表达也明显增高[22]。与以上结果不同,Kennedy等[23]研究显示,与正常对照组比较,IPF和SSc-ILD患者血清MMP-7水平均明显增加(分别为2.85和5.41 μg·L-1)。
研究表明,MMP-7可能是IPF潜在的预后生物标志物。Richards等[24]在探索性和验证性队列研究中发现,MMP-7含量低的IPF患者中位生存期较高(分别为4.6和4.3年),而MMP-7含量高的IPF患者中位生存期显著较低,分别为2.0和2.2年;以性别、肺功能指标FVC和DLCO及血浆MMP-7浓度作为变量建立个人死亡率预测指数,在验证性队列研究中应用此指数可预测患者死亡率,这提示综合患者临床表现和分子生物标志物对预测IPF患者预后具有重要价值。MUC5B基因变异和MMP-7是近几年研究较多且潜力较大的IPF相关生物标志物,有多个大样本队列研究的重复验证,在IPF疾病诊断和预后评估中可能具有重大价值。
2 矽肺相关生物标志物
2.1 血红素加氧酶1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)
HO-1是血红素分解代谢过程中的限速酶,能将其代谢为胆红素、Fe2+和CO,HO-1可在底物血红素、重金属、内毒素、炎症细胞因子及前列腺素等的诱导下生成增加,肺上皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、巨噬细胞和内皮细胞都能生成HO-1;HO-1对氧化剂诱导的细胞和组织损伤具有保护作用,在维持细胞稳态中具有重要作用[25]。二氧化硅(SiO2)粉尘引起肺组织氧化应激是矽肺发生的重要环节之一,ROS生成增加可直接损伤细胞和组织,也可通过促进炎症因子分泌等最终引起肺组织广泛纤维化,而HO-1作为抗氧化酶可保护ROS引起的氧化应激相关病理过程,从而减轻肺组织炎症反应等[26]。SatoT等[27]比较矽肺与COPD患者及健康人群肺组织中HO-1水平,并用SiO2粉尘悬浮液气管滴注小鼠建立矽肺模型。结果显示,矽肺患者和模型小鼠肺组织中SiO2沉积部位有大量HO-1表达,矽肺患者HO-1及血浆8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxydeoxy⁃guanosine,8-OHdG)(一种氧化损伤的标志物)均明显高于对照组和COPD患者,且HO-1水平与血浆8-OHdG呈负相关,与肺活量和1 s用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in first second,FEV1)呈正相关;此外,矽肺小鼠HO-1水平随染尘时间增加而升高,表明SiO2粉尘可诱导肺组织HO-1生成增加。Nagatomo等[28]也得到相似结果,其免疫组化实验显示矽肺模型大鼠肺组织中HO-1阳性的细胞多为肺泡巨噬细胞,且HO-1表达随染尘时间和剂量增加而明显增加。但有研究显示,矽肺患者体内HO-1水平并非随病情增加而逐渐增加。李侠等[29]发现,矽肺Ⅰ~Ⅲ期患者血清HO-1的水平均显著高于健康对照组,但随着矽肺期别的增加HO-1的含量呈下降趋势。Fukui等[30]的动物研究也显示,大鼠BALF中HO-1水平在气管滴注SiO2微粒悬浮液后先升高后下降,在滴注后24 h升高,在72 h降至基准线,这提示HO-1可能作为一种效应标志物用于矽肺早期诊断。由于上述实验动物研究多为检测一次染尘后机体HO-1的水平,与矽肺人群间断连续性接尘的模式存在差别,人群研究也未连续监测HO-1的表达水平,其结果的临床和实际意义还需要多中心、大样本的队列研究等的证实。
2.2 血硒
硒是人体重要的微量营养元素之一,也是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSHPx)活性中心硒半胱氨酸的重要组成部分,GSH-Px能催化还原型谷胱甘肽成为氧化型谷胱甘肽,使有毒的过氧化物还原成无毒的羟基化合物,从而保护细胞膜的结构及功能不受过氧化物的干扰及损害。因此,硒也具有潜在的抗氧化功能[31]。血清硒蛋白P含有大约40%~60%的血清硒,可用于估算体内硒的水平[32]。日本的1项病例对照研究显示,矽肺患者血清硒与硒蛋白P的浓度呈正相关(OR值分别为0.768和0.781),血清硒显著低于正常对照组(74.0 vs 116 μg·L-1),患者血清硒蛋白P也低于对照组(4.2 vs 5.8 mg·L-1);且Ⅳ尘肺患者的血清硒和硒蛋白P水平均显著低于Ⅱ、Ⅲ期矽肺患者,并随矽肺严重程度呈下降趋势[33]。张淑敏等[34]开展的一项包含71例矽肺患者和38例健康人群的回顾性病例对照研究也得到相似结果,矽肺患者血清硒和硒蛋白P的浓度分别为69.0 μg·L-1和4.5 mg·L-1,均显著低于对照组的125.0 μg·L-1和6.2 mg·L-1,且Ⅲ期矽肺患者的血清硒和硒蛋白P水平均显著低于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期矽肺患者。这说明矽肺患者血清硒水平低于正常人群,且与疾病严重程度相关,可能对于矽肺的诊断和分期具有重要意义。
3 其他肺纤维化疾病相关生物标志物
3.1 涎液化糖链抗原6(Krebs von den Lungen-6,KL-6)
KL-6又名MUC1,是黏蛋白家族中的一组附膜糖蛋白,主要由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞和支气管上皮细胞表达。当上皮细胞受损,KL-6会进入血液循环,检测其水平有助于判断肺泡损伤、Ⅱ型肺泡细胞再生和多种肺部疾病的活动情况[35]。近年来研究显示,KL-6可作为诊断某些肺部疾病并发肺纤维化的血清学标志物。韩文铭等[36]发现,COPD合并肺间质纤维化的患者血清KL-6含量明显增加。接受放疗的肺部恶性肿瘤患者在出现放射性肺炎临床症状前血清KL-6水平即显著升高,并呈肺部病变加重范围越大则血清KL-6水平越高的倾向;给予糖皮质激素治疗后,随着临床症状和肺部影像的改善,患者血清KL-6水平逐渐下降;这提示动态监测放疗患者的血清KL-6水平有利于较早预知放射性肺炎的发生,并对评价治疗效果具有一定作用[37]。血清KL-6有助于评估药物诱导的ILD疾病的活动情况及生存预后。Kawase等[38]研究显示,341名使用表皮生长因子-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者中有20例发生ILD,9例死于ILD,发生ILD时患者的血清KL-6值与基线值之比可准确区分患者是否发生急性间质性肺炎,并对患者的预后生存情况判断具有较高准确性。KL-6在评估过敏性肺炎疾病活动情况中可能有一定价值。Ohnishi等[39]发现,急性过敏性肺炎患者的血清KL-6浓度显著高于慢性过敏性肺炎患者(1883×103vs 683× 103U·L-1)。此外,Bonella等[40]发现,SSc-ILD患者血清KL-6含量较健康人群明显升高,患者血清KL-6水平与其高分辨率CT纤维化评分显著正相关(r= 0.68),与DLCO和FVC呈负相关,与疾病活动系数显著相关(r=0.73)。Kumánovics等[41]的回顾性队列研究也显示,SSc-ILD患者血清KL-6水平与其肺功能呈负相关,其基线值较高的SSc-ILD患者死亡率较高,这提示KL-6可能是评估SSc-ILD患者肺功能状态及预后的潜在标志物。综上,多种肺纤维化疾病均检测到含量升高的血清KL-6,其敏感度高而特异性相对较低,可能在肺纤维化疾病的辅助诊断或预后评估中具有重要价值,相关研究还需要继续开展。
3.2 肺表面活性蛋白D(surfactant proteins-D,SP-D)
肺表面活性物质是由肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞合成并分泌的一种脂蛋白复合物,具有降低肺泡表面张力、提高肺顺应性、促进肺气体交换、参与肺的防御等生理功能;其主要成分是90%磷脂和8%~10%肺表面活性蛋白,SP有SP-A,SP-B,SP-C和SP-D 4种亚型,SP-D主要由肺Ⅱ型上皮细胞和位于下呼吸道的Clara细胞分泌[42],正常情况下血液中只存在少量,当组织受损时SP-D会进入血液循环,故检测血清SP-D有助于评估肺组织损伤等改变[43]。Kotecha等[44]发现,囊性纤维化(cystic fibrosis,CF)患者BALF中SP-D含量明显高于对照人群,为其2.4倍(5332 vs 2214 μg·L-1)。儿童和成人CF患者的血清SP-D也均显著高于其相应的健康对照人群,但儿童和成人SP-D含量无统计学差异,这提示血清SP-D的变化可能对诊断CF疾病具有潜在价值[45]。但Noah等[46]发现,CF患者BALF中SP-D水平显著低于对照组,合并感染的CF患者尤甚;免疫组化实验也显示,感染和炎症的CF患者肺组织中SP-D表达较低。此外,急性呼吸窘迫综合征、ILD、IPF患者血清SP-D也显著高于对照人群[43]。韩文慧等[47]研究显示,0+期(胸片表现尚不够诊断为Ⅰ期者)重症煤工尘肺患者的全肺灌洗回收液中SP-D含量显著高于轻症组,并与患者CT肺正常密度容积百分比呈高度负相关(r=-0.801)。比较不同肺纤维化疾病患者的SP-D水平,Satos等[48]发现,特发性胸膜肺实质弹力纤维增生症患者的SP-D含量显著高于IPF和非特异性肺间质肺炎患者。而结缔组织相关间质性肺疾病患者与健康对照人群或慢性肺间质肺炎患者的血清SP-D含量并无统计学差异[49]。以上肺纤维化疾病患者血清SP-D水平均不同于健康人群,提示以SP-D诊断各型肺纤维化疾病可能具有一定价值,但目前缺乏系统的人群研究,且针对CF疾病的结果不一,进一步的研究还有待开展。
3.3 鞘磷脂类信号通路相关物质
鞘磷脂类信号通路是指鞘磷脂、神经酰胺、鞘氨醇和鞘氨醇-1-磷酸(sphingosine-1-phosphate,S1P)等鞘磷脂代谢物质在鞘磷脂酶、神经酰胺酶、鞘氨醇激酶、鞘磷脂合酶、神经酰胺合酶,磷酸化酶等的作用下相互转换,将细胞外信号分子经细胞膜传入细胞内发挥效应,调节细胞的生长、增殖、凋亡和分化的过程[1]。近年来,研究显示鞘磷脂类信号通路在肺纤维化的发生发展中具有重要作用。Dhami等[50]用博来霉素气管滴注野生小鼠可致其发生肺纤维化,其肺组织内酸性鞘磷脂酶(acid sphingomyelinases,ASM酶)及酸性神经酰胺酶(acid ceramidase,ACD酶)活性与对照组相比均明显增高。金丰等[51]研究也显示,在矽尘诱导小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞NIH3T3纤维化的过程中,ASM酶的活性随细胞纤维化程度的加重而升高,且给予ASM酶抑制剂可降低细胞胶原蛋白Ⅲ的表达,这表明ASM酶/ACD酶的激活参与肺纤维化的形成,抑制ASM酶活性可能减轻肺纤维化。鞘磷脂类信号通路的中心分子神经酰胺在多种肺纤维化疾病中表达增加。CF患者肺组织免疫组化结果显示,与肺动脉高压和肺气肿患者及健康肺捐献者相比,其下呼吸道上皮细胞中神经酰胺水平明显升高[52]。Scarpa等[53]在COPD患者肺组织中也检测到含量增高的神经酰胺,并与患者气体交换功能受损相关,这提示升高的神经酰胺可能对诊断肺纤维化具有指导意义。S1P是神经酰胺的下游代谢产物,其可能也是肺纤维化疾病的潜在诊断标志物。IPF患者肺组织中鞘氨醇激酶1表达显著升高,患者血清和BALF中S1P含量也明显高于对照组,且BALF中S1P含量与患者DLCO,FEV1和FVC呈负相关(r值分别为-0.87,-0.72和-0.68)[54]。鞘磷脂类信号通路参与肺纤维化的形成,其相关代谢物和酶活性的变化可能对诊断肺纤维化具有重要作用,但其在各种肺纤维化疾病中的表达是否存在差别,血清和肺组织及BALF中鞘磷脂类信号通路相关物质水平对诊断肺纤维化疾病是否具有意义亟待深入研究。
4 结语
除了以上近年来研究较多的几种生物标志物,还有转化生长因子β1、胰岛素样生长因子、端粒酶的突变、YKL-40、Clara细胞蛋白(CC16)等与肺纤维化疾病相关的潜在生物标志物的研究。因为众多生物标志物是反映机体氧化应激、炎症反应或组织损伤等的指示物,所以单独将某种生物标志物用于鉴别诊断一组病理表现相似的纤维化疾病尚缺乏特异性。有研究显示,联合≥2种的标志物能提高诊断肺纤维化疾病的准确率,如结合KL-6,SP-A,SP-D和MMP-7 4种血清标志物诊断IPF疾病,其敏感性达100%,与单一血清诊断指标比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)[55]。联合患者影像学信息和SP-D,KL-6和CC16 3种分子生物标志物可用于筛检和预测肺纤维化患者是否并发肺气肿[56]。这提示建立包含患者临床表现和影像学特征及分子生物学标志物的诊断模型可能对诊断某些肺纤维化疾病具有实际应用价值。期待在今后的研究中,深入探讨现有生物学标志物并研究其联合应用的实际意义,提出灵敏度和特异度都可观的筛检和诊断方法及预后评估模型。
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Research progress in biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis diseases
CHEN Ming1,ZENG Ming1,HE Xing-xuan2
(1.Department of Health Toxicology,School of Public Health,Central South University,Changsha 410078,China;2.Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Sciences,Mount Sinai School of Medicine,New York 10029,USA)
Pulmonary fibrosis is a group of chronic lung diseases induced by various causes. Because of its complex etiology and pathogenesis,most of the pulmonary fibrosis diseases have no effective treatment currently and the quality of life and prognosis of patients are poor.Recent studies on biomarkers of susceptibility and effect associated with pulmonary fibrosis have made great progress,which is of great significance for screening and early diagnosis of the disease,and even for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and prognosis.This paper reviews some potential biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis diseases,including the mucin 5B promoter variant and matrix metalloprotease-7 associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,heme oxygenase-1 and serum Se related to silicosis,Krebs von den Lungen-6,surfactant proteins-D and sphingolipids signaling associated with various pulmonary fibrosis,in order to provide new ideas for further research on the prevention and treatment of pulmonary fibrosis diseases.
lungs;fibrosis;biomarkers
ZENG Ming,E-mail:mingz19@Hotmail.com;HE Xing-xuan,E-mail:xingxuan.he@gmail.com
R446
A
1000-3002-(2017)02-0187-08
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2017.02.10
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81673225);and Funda⁃mental Research Funds for Central Universities of Central South University(2016zzts489)
2016-09-06 接受日期:2017-02-08)
(本文编辑:齐春会)
国家自然科学基金(81673225);中南大学中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2016zzts489)
陈 明,女,硕士研究生,主要从事环境毒理学研究。通讯作者:曾 明,E-mail:mingz19@hotmail.com;何兴轩,
E-mail:xingxuan.he@gmail.com