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齐长城之锦阳关

2017-01-13文/陈图/郑

走向世界 2016年2期
关键词:乱石孟姜女阳关

文/陈 焱 图/郑 严

齐长城之锦阳关

JINYANGGUAN OF THE GREAT WALL OF QI

文/陈 焱 图/郑 严

○ 锦阳关是齐长城上三大重要关隘之一。Jin Yang is one of the three importantsections of the Great Wall of Qi.

齐长城在莱芜市境内主要有三大关口,自西向东分别为锦阳关、天门关、青石关。其中锦阳关段的齐长城保存最为完好,也最为著名。

锦阳关也叫通齐关,是齐长城上三大重要关隘之一。锦阳关位于莱芜市莱城区雪野镇。这一段最能体现齐长城因地制宜、就地取材的建筑特点。城墙虽在清朝时为防御捻军有所修复,但修复方法与取材用料均沿袭齐长城旧制,用乱石垒砌,却牢固高耸,不见倾颓,至今仍有五六米之高,垛口、瞭望孔也保存完整。

锦阳关与孟姜女

锦阳关的关口在文祖镇三槐树村。此村文化历史悠久,春秋战国时期是齐国的兵营大寨,故有“大寨”之称。从这里往南一公里,便来到古代齐鲁边界。路边有一尊巨石,上刻“锦阳关”三个繁体隶书漆红大字。不远处有一座巍然屹立、雄伟壮观的明清式古建筑,下有通道、上有阁门,并设有瞭望台。这便是春秋战国时期齐长城的重要关隘——锦阳关。锦阳关长城,如今尚存0.6公里较为完整的石砌墙体,残存的城墙最高为7.5米,最厚为6米。中国历史上著名的长勺之战、艾陵之战等均发生于锦阳关和青石关一带。

在齐长城建成后的漫长岁月里,锦阳关附近发生过很多大事件,其中大家所熟知的“孟姜女哭长城”的故事就发生在这里,孟姜女哭倒的齐长城就是锦阳关中的一段。据记载,孟姜女本姓姜名女,丈夫名叫张范喜。小两口生活安稳,直到有一天张范喜被抓去修齐长城,几年后竟杳无音信。姜女知道后悲痛欲绝,前往长城寻夫,跪在锦阳关前哭了三天三夜,悲泣声声感天动地,哭得苍天也落下泪,下起了大雨。最后,天上落下一声炸雷,将锦阳关撕开一道口子,露出了张范喜之尸身。姜女看到后更为伤心,呼叫着“范喜郎,为妻随你来也!”向丈夫扑去,头撞巨石殒命,血溅锦阳关。后来,这个事件被编成了大鼓书和神话故事广为流传,只是姜女变成了孟姜女,其夫张范喜变成了范喜良。“孟姜女哭长城”的故事为锦阳关增加了几分神秘色彩。

○ 齐长城遗址锦阳关。Jinyang Gate of the Great Wall of Qi.

关址的新与旧

现在大家能看到的这座巍峨宏阔的锦阳关关楼其实是新建的,曾经的古关楼在1938年日寇侵华时毁于战火。原关城高6米,宽4米,有关帝庙等古建筑。关址现被莱芜至章丘段的公路所占用,在路边立有“齐长城”标志碑。在锦阳关关楼边还有一块刻有中华人民共和国国务院公布的“全国重点文物保护单位齐长城遗址锦阳关”的石碑。

拾级而上,登上锦阳关阁楼,可以俯视穿关而过的242省道。站在阁楼向东瞭望,古长城已经荡然无存,但从残留的碎石上可以看出城墙遗迹;往西远看,齐长城蜿蜒起伏、绕岭盘山,隐蔽于狭涧,耸立在峻峰。关址东700米处的山头上有烽火台遗址,俗称烟火台。山头周围还有环墙遗址,东至鲁地村北,有保存较好的锦阳关东便门,为方便齐鲁百姓南北往来而设。门为石砌拱形,高2.8米,内宽2米,进深3.3米。便门两侧有城址,长1150米,西侧高1.2米,宽2至4米;东侧高2.5米至4.2米,外墙宽0.8米,内设站台,总宽度为4.2米至6米。

锦阳关遗址的东边和南边分别是娘娘庙村和鲁地村,这里的齐长城全部用青石建成。城墙北面有一条宽约3米的跑道,用乱石或土填实而成。据说这是跑马的通道,如遇战事,在南侧城墙的掩护下,这条跑道可以完成输送物资、调动部队的任务。

○ 锦阳关段的齐长城保存最为完好。The section of Jinyangguan is in the best preserved part of the Great Wall of Qi.

名字背后的老故事

如今,已经存在2500多年的齐长城早已没有了国界,没有了战争。但形成的齐长城文化源远流长,滋润着齐鲁大地这方水土,惠及着人们的精神世界。在齐长城附近,几乎每一个村名地名都与齐长城血脉相连,代表着历史典故,代表着岁月故事。

在锦阳关的北边不远处有一个叫“石子口”的村子,普普通通的村名背后就有一个齐长城的故事。当年楚国先后灭了鲁、莒等国成为雄霸,便开始策划战争去灭齐国。通过观察齐国的边关布防,楚国制定出偷袭作战的计划。在一个漆黑的夜里,楚兵悄悄地翻过齐长城,从东西狭沟向古山寨攀登,爬至半山腰遇到一堵石墙,士兵们抠石而上,突然石墙松动,满坡乱石翻滚而泄,楚兵葬身于乱石之中,遂大败。原来这是齐国早已布好的“石子口”阵,所以村庄因此得名“石子口村”。

像这样的老故事还有很多,比如从齐国穿过东便门,到达鲁国,遇到的第一个村庄便是“鲁地村”。顾名思义,鲁地村代表这里是鲁国的疆土。距离齐国只有一箭之遥,却是两个国度。

千余里的齐长城自西往东曲折延伸,历经战事,饱经沧桑。不知有多少村名地名与齐长城有关,但有关的每一个村名地名都有一段美丽的传奇或动人的故事。

○ 这段齐长城全部用青石建成。This section of the Great Wall of Qi is completely built with bluestone.

○ “孟姜女哭长城”的故事就发生在锦阳关。The story of “Meng Jiangnu bringing down the Great Wall with tears” took place in Jinyangguan.

The Great Wall of Qi has three major sections in the territory of Laiwu. From west to east, they respectively are Jinyangguan, Tianmenguan, and Qingshiguan, in which the section of Jinyangguan is best preserved and is also the most famous.

Jinyangguan locates in Xueye Town of Laicheng District in Laiwu. Although the walls were repaired in the Qing Dynasty to defend the Nian Army, both the repair methods and materials used followed the old system of the Great Wall of Qi, that is building with rocks. The forts and lookout holes are also in good preservation.

During the long years after the completion of the Great Wall of Qi, a great number of big events happened near Jinyangguan, among which is the well-known story of “Meng Jiangnu bringing down the Great Wall with tears”. The Great Wall of Qi where Meng Jiangnu cried specifically refers to one section of Jinyangguan.

The towering magnificent Jinyangguan structure we can see now is actually newly built, as the old structure was destroyed in 1938 during the Japanese invasion of China. The east and south of Jinyangguan site are respec tively Goddess Temple Village and Lu Land Village where the Great Wall of Qi is completely built with bluestone.

Through Dongbian Gate, from Qi State to Lu State, the first village encountered is "Lu Land Village". As the name suggests, Lu Land Village means that the territory of Lu State starts here. Although it is only a stone's throw away from Qi State, it is another country.

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