帕金森病患者血清炎性因子水平的变化与伴发抑郁症的关系*
2017-01-12李志军
李志军, 邹 为, 杨 渊
华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科,武汉 430030
论 著
帕金森病患者血清炎性因子水平的变化与伴发抑郁症的关系*
李志军, 邹 为, 杨 渊△
华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科,武汉 430030
目的 探讨帕金森病(PD)患者血清炎性因子变化与伴发抑郁症的关系。方法 根据汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD-21)将113例PD患者分为无抑郁组和轻、中、重度抑郁组。所有患者均行PD综合评分量表第Ⅲ部分(UPDRS-Ⅲ)、Hoehn-Yahr分期量表评分,Schab & England日常活动分级评分以及简易智力检查量表(MMSE)评估PD患者病情;应用ELISA法检测血清白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-1β、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及C反应蛋白(CRP)水平。采用Logistic回归分析血清炎性因子与PD伴发抑郁的相关性。结果 113例PD患者中伴发抑郁48例(42.5%)。PD无抑郁组和抑郁组在年龄、性别、UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、Hoehn-Yahr分期、Schab & England评分差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);抑郁组与无抑郁组相比,患者受教育程度低(P<0.05),病程长(P<0.01),MMSE评分低(P<0.05)。PD患者血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和CRP水平分别为(12.16±2.78)ng/L、(235.86±33.27)pg/mL、(229.77±52.98)pg/mL、(2.55±0.97)mg/L,与正常对照组相比均明显升高,差异均具有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。PD无抑郁组与PD轻、中、重度抑郁组多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,结果显示各炎症因子水平的组间差异均具有统计学意义(IL-6:F=6.52,P<0.05;IL-1β:F=35.58,P<0.01;TNF-α:F=42.27,P<0.01;CRP:F=5.47,P<0.05)。抑郁各组炎性因子含量高于正常对照组和无抑郁组(均P<0.05);而且抑郁程度越严重,炎性因子升高趋势越明显。进一步的回归分析显示,高龄、低教育水平、长病程、高炎性因子水平是PD伴发抑郁的危险因素(均P<0.05)。结论 PD抑郁患者血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、CRP显著升高。高龄、低教育水平、长病程、高炎性因子水平是PD伴发抑郁的危险因素。
帕金森病; 抑郁症; 炎性因子
帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是常见的中枢神经系统变性疾病,主要临床表现包括运动症状和疼痛、自主神经功能障碍以及抑郁、焦虑等非运动症状。非运动症状在临床常常被忽视[1]。抑郁是PD患者最常出现的一种非运动性神经精神症状[2],发病率高,临床识别率低,临床治疗率不足35%[3]。因此,如能早期发现、早期干预可让PD抑郁患者尽快获益。近年来发现,PD患者脑脊液和黑质纹状体系统中炎症因子如肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)等水平升高[4];而抗炎治疗可降低罹患PD风险[5],缓解多巴胺神经元变性[6],提示炎症过程参与了PD发生发展的病理生理过程。有研究表明,IL-6、TNF-α、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)等炎性因子在躯体疾病伴发抑郁患者中升高,提示炎性反应也可能参与了抑郁的发病过程[7]。因此,探讨血清炎性因子在PD伴发抑郁患者中的变化及其与PD伴发抑郁的相关性,对于进一步阐明PD伴发抑郁的病理生理机制以及拓展新的治疗领域均非常重要。
1 资料与方法
1.1 入选标准
收集2013年6月~2016年6月就诊于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院神经内科,按照英国PD协会脑库临床诊断标准[8]首次确诊的原发性PD患者113例。就诊后均行PD综合评分量表第Ⅲ部分(Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Ⅲ,UPDRS-Ⅲ)评价运动症状,并进行Hoehn-Yahr(修正)分期量表评分,Schab & England日常活动分级评分。采用简易智力状态量表(Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)评估PD患者认知功能。根据美国精神疾病诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)抑郁症诊断标准[9]进一步分为PD无抑郁组和PD伴发抑郁组,并根据汉密尔顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-21,HAMD-21)分为轻度抑郁(评分在8~14分),中度抑郁(评分在15~21分),重度抑郁(评分在22~28分)。所有PD患者行颅脑CT或MRI影像学检查。排除标准:帕金森综合征及帕金森叠加综合征者;严重痴呆、构音障碍、影响情感表达;严重心、肝、肾等脏器器质性损害者;自身免疫疾病者;近期有感染史者;严重心、肺、肝、肾疾病及肿瘤患者;长期服用激素及非甾体类抗炎药者。健康对照组选取同期来自本院体检中心年龄、性别匹配的52名体检者,同时行HAMD-21测定排除抑郁。
1.2 外周血采集
PD患者在就诊第2天清晨空腹采集4 mL静脉血(肝素抗凝)。健康对照组于体检当日采集。应用ELISA法检测血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α以及CRP水平。
1.3 统计学方法
2 结果
2.1 一般情况
纳入113例PD患者,其中无抑郁组65例,伴发抑郁组48例(42.5%),其中轻度抑郁21例,中度抑郁15例,重度抑郁12例。无抑郁组和抑郁组在年龄和性别上差异无统计学意义(均P>0.05),资料具有可比性(表1)。无抑郁组的平均受教育年限为(8.81±2.03)年,抑郁组为(7.35±4.11)年,抑郁组受教育程度低于无抑郁组(P<0.05),病程长于无抑郁组(P<0.01)。比较抑郁组和无抑郁组的UPDRS-Ⅲ评分、Hoehn-Yahr分期、Schab&England评分均无统计学差异(均P>0.05),但伴发抑郁PD患者的MMSE低于无抑郁组(P<0.05)。
指标PD无抑郁(n=65)PD伴发抑郁(n=48)就诊年龄(岁)64.60±8.2365.90±5.35 性别(男/女)36/2928/20 平均受教育年限(年)8.81±2.037.35±4.11*病程(年)2.73±0.953.36±1.10**UPDRS-Ⅲ评分20.08±5.6420.79±7.53Hoehn-Yahr分期2.79±0.552.98±0.92Schab&England评分21.37±3.3121.22±6.08MMSE评分27.52±3.5725.47±4.95*
与无抑郁组比较,*P< 0.05**P< 0.01
2.2 血清学指标
整体PD患者血清IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α和CRP平均水平分别为(12.16±2.78)ng/L、(235.86±33.27)pg/mL、(229.77±52.98)pg/mL、(2.55±0.97)mg/L,与正常对照组相比均明显升高,t检验显示差异具有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。正常对照组、PD无抑郁组与PD轻、中、重度抑郁组多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,结果显示各炎性因子组间差异均具有统计学意义(IL-6:F=6.52,P<0.05;IL-1β:F=35.58,P<0.01;TNF-α:F=42.27,P<0.01;CRP:F=5.47,P<0.05)。两两比较采用LSD-t检验,抑郁各组炎性因子含量高于正常对照组和无抑郁组(均P<0.05),而且,抑郁程度越严重,炎性因子升高趋势越明显(表2)。
2.3 PD伴发抑郁危险因素分析
回归分析显示,高龄、低教育水平、长病程、高炎性因子水平是伴发抑郁的危险因素。纳入单因素分析有意义的变量进行多因素分析,结果显示年龄越大,病程越长,炎性因子水平越高,PD患者伴发抑郁的危险性越高(表3)。
炎性因子正常对照组(n=52)PD组(n=113)无抑郁(n=65)轻度抑郁(n=21)中度抑郁(n=15)重度抑郁(n=12)IL-6(ng/L)4.17±0.9810.45±1.13▲13.91±3.71*▲14.56±2.78*▲15.36±3.45*▲IL-1β(pg/mL)120.33±21.32187.33±50.37▲226.27±67.56*▲288.15±64.95*▲450.19±70.22*▲TNF-α(pg/mL)155.41±22.21188.11±65.25▲248.06±41.03*▲273.17±32.55*▲369.20±73.09*▲CRP(mg/L)1.38±0.641.84±0.57▲2.86±0.94*▲3.31±1.41*▲4.87±1.52*▲
与正常对照组比较,▲P< 0.05;与PD无抑郁组比较,*P< 0.05
表3 PD伴发抑郁危险因素分析
Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the risk factors in PD patients with depression
变量单因素分析OR95%CIP多因素分析OR95%CIP年龄1.830.62~3.140.0260.990.76~1.530.035性别0.950.48~1.260.708---受教育年限1.170.73~1.620.0131.361.09~1.970.018病程1.260.98~1.860.0011.521.33~2.270.047UPDRS-Ⅲ评分0.780.55~1.790.875---Hoehn-Yahr分期1.561.12~2.250.685---Schab&England评分1.370.58~2.370.124---MMSE评分1.120.85~1.680.0211.040.87~1.580.381IL-61.480.97~2.830.0031.451.27~2.380.018IL-1β1.631.08~2.430.0081.491.05~2.470.011TNF-α1.211.04~2.320.0221.611.32~2.090.073CRP1.031.11~2.470.0021.471.18~2.230.013
3 讨论
PD患者抑郁障碍的发生率为40%~50%[3],可在疾病早期或运动症状前期出现,但多数与运动症状出现时间平行。而且,PD运动症状前期出现非运动症状将大大增加PD风险[2]。在本研究中,PD伴发抑郁的发病率约为42.5%,其中PD抑郁患者受教育程度相对较低,病程时间更长,而且伴发认知功能障碍比例更高。这与老年人群抑郁症发病的影响因素是类似的[10]。
目前认为,多个单胺系统变性及脑内边缘叶-皮质纹状体-苍白球-丘脑神经环路的紊乱构成了PD伴发抑郁的病理生理基础[11]。近来研究发现神经炎性反应参与了包括PD在内的神经变性病的发生过程[6,12],同时也可能参与了躯体疾病伴发抑郁的病理生理过程[7]。PD中高度激活的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞可释放多种炎性因子[13],如IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α等,诱导氧化应激和活性氧的积累,影响细胞内钙平衡,造成黑质致密部多巴胺能神经元死亡。PD患者颅内炎性因子通过被破坏的血脑屏障进入血循环引起血清炎性因子水平升高,因此后者可反映PD患者颅内炎性反应的程度[14]。关于炎性因子与PD伴发抑郁的关系,目前相关报道尚少。我们的研究发现,PD患者血清炎性因子(包括IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α、CRP)高于正常对照组。PD伴发抑郁患者血清炎性因子水平明显高于无抑郁组,而且抑郁程度越严重,炎性因子升高趋势越明显。IL-6同时具有前炎性因子和抗炎性的特性。以往研究表明,IL-6含量升高与发生PD的风险正相关[4,15],而且,IL-6的改变至少早于PD发生4年[15]。炎性因子IL-1β、TNF-α持续高水平的表达是它们在PD患者中脑黑质中发挥病理作用的关键[16]。一项持续随访4年的队列研究显示[15],IL-1β与快速认知功能下降有关,TNF-α和CRP与快速运动功能降低有关。此外,IL-1β、TNF-α可以诱导增加IL-6含量。CRP是机体系统性炎症反应在外周血的生物标志,IL-6的聚集可诱导CRP在肝脏合成增加,继而引起PD患者CRP含量的增加[15]。此外,CRP浓度与PD运动症状恶化以及预后有关[17]。
本研究进一步将数据进行多因素Logistic回归分析发现,高龄、低教育水平、长病程、高炎性因子水平是伴发抑郁的危险因素。纳入单因素有意义的变量进行多因素分析,结果显示年龄越大,病程越长,炎性因子水平越高,PD患者伴发抑郁的危险性越高。我们的研究结果是以往关于炎性因子与PD发生的病理生理过程的补充,同时也提示通过调控PD患者血清炎性因子水平,对于延迟或阻止PD患者伴发抑郁可能具有重要意义。
本研究的局限性在于仅观察了小样本单次血检血清炎性因子与PD伴发抑郁的关系,未能随访追踪PD患者后续的可能转归(包括出现痴呆、多系统萎缩、肿瘤等)。因此,还需要进一步随访以验证血清炎性因子在PD伴发抑郁发生中的作用。
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(2016-10-13 收稿)
Correlation of Serum Inflammatory Factors with Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Li Zhijun,Zou Wei,Yang Yuan△
DepartmentofNeurology,TongjiHospital,TongjiMedicalCollege,HuazhongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430030,China
Objective To observe the correlation of serum inflammatory factors with depression in patients of Parkinson’s disease(PD).Methods In total,113 patients of PD were divided into PD without depression group,PD with mild,moderate and severe depression groups,according to the Hamilton depression rating scale-21(HAMD-21).The unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale-Ⅲ(UPDRS-Ⅲ),Hoehn-Yahr scale,Schab&England scale,Mini-mental state examination(MMSE)scale were used to evaluate all the PD patients.Interleukin 6(IL-6),interleukin 1β(IL-1β),tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α)and C-reactive protein(CRP)were detected by ELISA.Logistic regression model was used to analyze association between the inflammatory factors and PD with depression.Results About 42.5% PD patients had comorbid depression(48/113).Age,gender,UPDRS-Ⅲ,Hoehn-Yahr scale and Schab&England scale were not significantly different between the depression group and the non-depression group(P>0.05).Meanwhile,education level was significantly lower(P<0.05),disease course was significantly longer(P<0.01),MMSE score was significantly lower(P<0.05)in the depression group than in the non-depression group.The levels of serum IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α and CRP in all the PD patients(including depression and non-depression group)were predominantly higher than those in the normal control(allP<0.01).Compared to the non-depression group,all inflammatory factors were significantly higher in the mild,moderate,and severe depression groups(IL-6:F=6.52,P<0.05;IL-1β:F=35.58,P<0.01;TNF-α:F=42.27,P<0.01;CRP:F=5.47,P<0.05).Moreover,the rise of the levels of the inflammatory factors was in keeping with the severity of the depression(P<0.05).Logistic regression revealed that the aging,long disease duration,low education level,and the rise of the inflammatory factors levels were independent risk factors of depression(P<0.05).Conclusion The levels of inflammatory factors rose significantly in the PD patients with comorbid depression.The aging,long disease duration,low education,and the rise of the inflammatory factors levels were independent risk factors of PD with depression.
Parkinson’ s disease; depression; inflammatory factor
*教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金资助项目(教外司留[2014]1685号);华中科技大学院系自主创新研究基金资助项目(No.2016 YXMS109)
R742.5
10.3870/j.issn.1672-0741.2016.06.001
李志军,女,1977年生,医学博士,副主任医师,E-mail:silled@126.com
△通讯作者,Corresponding author,E-mail:yuanyang70@hotmail.com