that用法小议

魏会敏

that一词在高中英语教学中应用非常广泛。高考题型中，无论是阅读、完型、还是填空、改错，that一词出现的频率极高。下面就高考考点从that的词性上进行总结。

一、用作连接词，引导名词性从句，即主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句

需要注意的是，that在宾语从句中常省略，但多个并列的宾语从句中，只有第一个that可省略。而主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中的that是不省略的。另外，that在名词性从句中不充当句子成分，也没有意义。

Eg.Some people fear （that） air pollution may bring about changes in the weather around the world and that man will die out one day.（宾语从句）

What is mentioned in the report is that the number of the students in middle schools is increasing.（表语从句）

It is mentioned in the report that the number of the students in middle schools is increasing.（主语从句）

The news that is spreading around the city is that a heavy storm is coming.（同位语从句，表语从句）

二、用作连接词，应用于副词性从句，表示原因、条件、目的、结果，常理解为固定短语

表结果：so...that...（如此...以至于...）;such...that...（如此...以至于...）;so that（以至于）

表目的：in order that （目的是，为了）;so that（目的是，为了）;for fear that（以免，惟恐）

表原因：now that（既然）;seeing that（考虑到）;considering that（考虑到）;given that（考虑到）;not that/because...but that/because（不是...而是）

表条件：provided /providing that（如果）;suppose /supposing that（假如）;on condition that（如果）

Eg.Human facial expression differs from those of animals in that they can be controlled on purpose. （因为，由于）

Now that everybody is here，lets begin our meeting.（既然）

In order that we might see the sunrise， we started for the peak early.（为了）

三、用作连接词，引导形容词性从句即定语从句

与名词性从句不同的是，that在定语从句中指代先行词，且充当从句中的某一成分（主语、宾语或表语），一般情况下可与which互换，但下列情况下，若先行词指代物，则只能用that。

（1）先行词为everything ，nothing ，anything ，all ，much ，little ，none 等不定代词或被不定代词修饰时

（2）先行词被形容词最高级修饰时

（3）先行词被序数词修饰时

（4）先行词被the only、the very、the same修饰时

（5）先行词中既有人又有物时

（6）wh-开头的疑问句中，为避免重复，关系词用that

（7）有两个定从时，其中一个关系代词已用过who， which等词时，另外一个宜用that

Eg.This is the very pen that is suitable.

This is the best place that Ive seen.

The first cake that was made was the best.

The students and the school that we visited are good.

Which is the pen that you want？

需要指出的是：

（1）定语从句中，先行词被the same修饰时，关系词既可以用that，亦可用as，但二者含义不同

Eg.This is the same book that Ive ever read. 这就是我读过的那书。

This is the same book as Ive ever read.   这本书和我读过的那本一模一样。

（2）先行词被such修饰时，关系词可能为that，亦可能为as，但such...that...（如此...以至于...）引导结果状语从句

such...as...（如此...的...）引导定语从句

Pop music is such an import part of society that it has even influenced our language.  （结果状语从句）

Pop music is such an import part of society as has even influenced our language. （定语从句）

应用于强调结构It is...that...，若强调人，还可用It is ...who...，此时要区别于it引导的时间和地点状语从句，时间状语从句常用在下面的结构中

It is/has been  时间段since从句（时态用过去时）

It will be时间段before.从句（时态用现在时）

It would be 时间段before从句（时态用过去时）

It was/had been 时间段before从句（时态用过去时）

It is 时间段when从句（时态用现在时）

It was 时间段when从句（时态用过去时）

Eg.（1）——What time did you come back yesterday？

——It was at 12：00 that we come back.

（2）——What time did you come back yesterday？

——It was 12：00 when we come back.

（3）——It was the school where I studied 10 years ago.

（4）——It was in the school that I studied 10 years ago.

四、用作代词，表示同类中的不可数名词或可数名词单数形式

此时要区别于it和one. it特指前文的同一个人或物，译作“它”;one泛指同类中的某一个，译作“...其中的一个”

One of the most important questions they had to consider was that of public health.

I like this house with a beautiful garden in front， but I dont have enough money to buy it.

I like a house with a beautiful garden in front， but I dont have enough money to buy one.

五、用作副词，表示程度，相当于so

Eg.I cant walk that far.

I was that scared I didnt know what to do.

It didnt cost that much.

六、用作限定词，指较远的人或物，亦可指已提到过或已知的人或物

Eg.Look at that man over there.

I was living with my parents at that time.

That accident changed their lives.

Exercises：

（1）（09天津） Its obvious to the students ___ they should get well prepared for their future.

（2）（09浙江）——Is there any possibility ___ you could pick me up at the airport？

——No problem.

（3）One advantages of playing guitar is __ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.

（4）（09江西）Some people fear ___ air pollution may bring about changes in the weather around the world.

（5）（09陕西）What a pity it is ___ you couldnt be there to receive the prize！

（6）I dont doubt _____ we will defeat Class Two in this match.

（7）I doubt _____ we will defeat Class Two in this match.

（8）Do you know what made Mary happy？

——she passed the final exam.

（9）I believe___ youve done your best and ___ things will improve.

——Thank you.

（10）（07重庆）Human facial expression differs from those of.

animals in ____they can be controlled on purpose.

Answers：1. That;2.that;3.that;4.that;5.that;6.that;7.if/whether;8.That;9./，that;10.that。