羌塘盆地土门地区上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩地球化学特征
2016-12-28解龙,陶刚,刘和,李超
解 龙,陶 刚,刘 和,李 超
(成都理工大学沉积地质研究院,四川成都 610059)
羌塘盆地土门地区上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩地球化学特征
解 龙,陶 刚,刘 和,李 超
(成都理工大学沉积地质研究院,四川成都 610059)
本文在南羌塘盆地土门地区获得一套上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩。通过有机质丰度、有机质类型和有机质热演化程度的分析,结果表明,土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机碳含量在0.54%~1.36%之间,达到了中等-好烃源岩标准,局部达到很好烃源岩标准;干酪根镜检结果显示,有机质类型主要为II1型。镜质体反射率Ro为1.61%~2.76%,岩石热解峰温Tmax介于340~544℃之间,干酪根腐泥组颜色为棕色-棕褐色,表明有机质演化达到过成熟阶段。土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的发现进一步表明羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩具备良好的生烃(气)潜力。
羌塘盆地 土门地区 土门格拉组 烃源岩
羌塘盆地地处青藏高原中北缘,是目前我国陆上勘探和研究程度最低的大型含油气残留盆地(王成善等,1996,2004;赵政璋,2000;伍新和等,2008;王剑等,2009a)。大地构造上,该盆地位于巨型特提斯构造域东段,被认为是最有可能取得勘探突破的含油气盆地(谭富文等,2002;罗建宁等,2003)。自王成善等(1987)首次发现比隆错油页岩以来,目前已在盆地内发现了200多处油气显示(王剑等,2009a),其中包括规模较大的比隆错-昂达尔错古油藏带(王成善等,2004;伍新和等,2005)和目前我国规模最大的中生代海相油页岩带(汪正江等,2007;付修根等,2007,2009;王剑等,2007,2009b,2010;曾胜强等,2013),显示其具有良好的油气勘探前景。盆地内中生界海相沉积发育,沉积厚度大;长期以来,上三叠统肖茶卡组和侏罗系布曲组、夏里组和索瓦组被认为是盆地内最主要的4套烃源岩(赵政璋等,2000;王剑等,2004,2009a)。近来的研究表明,形成于三角洲环境下的上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩分布较广,沉积厚度较大,最厚可达645.8m,也被认为是盆地内最重要的烃源层之一(王剑等,2009a;Fuetal.,2013;陈文彬等,2014,2015a)。但就土门地区而言,目前的研究程度较低,针对该地区现有的勘探现状和存在的问题,本次在野外调查的基础上,结合有机地球化学数据,对南羌塘土门地区上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机质丰度、有机质类型及有机质热演化进行初步分析,以期对羌塘盆地油气资源评价提供数据资料。
1 地质背景
羌塘盆地位于青藏高原中北部,夹持于可可西里-金沙江缝合带和班公湖-怒江缝合带之间。由北向南,羌塘盆地可分为北羌塘坳陷带、中央隆起带和南羌塘坳陷带(王剑等,2009a)(图1)。其中南羌塘坳陷呈东西向展布,其内部可划分为蒂让-土门凹陷、毕洛错-其香错凸起和帕度错凹陷等次级构造单元(赵政璋等,2001)。研究区位于蒂让-土门凹陷内,区内出露地层有上三叠统土门格拉组,中侏罗统夏里组、布曲组和雀莫错组,上白垩统阿布山组和第四系。本次研究的上三叠统土门格拉组剖面位于土门美多一带,地理坐标为N32°52′37.5″E91°04′40.5″。剖面长950m,厚491m,未见顶底。从地层柱状图上(图2)可以看出,研究区土门格拉组主要为一套三角洲相沉积,局部发育沼泽相,其岩性组合较为简单,主要为一套砂岩、钙质砂岩、石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩及泥岩夹煤层。土门格拉组中动植物化石丰富,产双壳类、植物以及孢粉等化石组合(陈文彬等,2014),其时代为晚三叠世卡尼期-诺利期。
图1 羌塘盆地构造单元划分图(据王剑等,2009a)及研究区位置
2 样品采集及测试分析
本次研究共采集了14块样品,对应的剖面层位为第1层、3层、5层、12层、17层(图2)。根据野外实测剖面,土门格拉组烃源岩主要为一套深灰色-灰黑色薄层状泥岩,厚度大于120m,初步分析其可能为一套较好的烃源岩。样品的有机地球化学测试分析全部在中国石油华北油田分公司勘探开发研究院生油实验室完成。其中,残余有机碳测定在LECO CS-230碳硫测定仪上完成,岩石热解分析采用OGR-VI油气显示评价仪,干酪根镜检使用Axioskop 2 plus 生物显微镜,镜质体反射率Ro测定由MPV显微光度仪完成。样品经过78h的索氏抽提后,用石油醚沉淀沥青质,族组分分离采用硅胶、氧化铝色层柱,然后用无水乙醇冲洗,进而得到饱和烃、芳烃和非烃。
3 烃源岩地球化学特征
3.1 有机质丰度
羌塘盆地目前钻井资料较少,所采样品大多取自地表露头,由于样品热演化程度很高和经历了较强的风化作用,常规的烃源岩评价标准已不适用该区的实际情况。从目前羌塘盆地的研究情况来看(赵政璋等,2000;王剑等,2009a;杜佰伟等,2010a,2010b;李忠雄等,2010;丁文龙等,2011;南征兵等,2012;付顺等,2012;Dingetal.,2013;肖睿等,2015a;褚永彬等,2015),不论是井下还是地表,样品的氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量(S1+S2)受风化作用或有机质热演化的影响较大,而有机碳受到的影响相对较小。因此,以残余有机碳含量划分标准为主要指标,氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量等作为参考指标,若两种指标在判别烃源岩等级时出现矛盾,则以有机碳含量为准(王剑等,2009a)。
鉴于土门格拉组样品取自地表,且成熟度较高,因此,对烃源岩进行评价时,采用赵政璋等(2000)制定的青藏高原高-过成熟泥质烃源岩残余有机质丰度评价标准(表1)。纵观本文表2的分析结果,土门格拉组泥岩有机碳(TOC)质量分数为0.54%~1.36%,其中有6个样品达到中等烃源岩标准,7个样品达到好烃源岩标准,1个样品达到很好烃源岩标准(图3)。样品的氯仿沥青“A”质量分数为0.0041%~0.0128%,平均值0.0068%,属中等-
好烃源岩范围;生烃潜量范围为0.13~0.27mg/g,平均值0.18 mg/g,属中等烃源岩范围;可以看出,
图2 羌塘盆地土门格拉组地层柱状图
氯仿沥青“A”和生烃潜量判别的结果与有机碳得出的结果较为一致。总的来说,土门格拉组泥质烃源岩达到中等-好烃源岩标准。
3.2 有机质类型
图3 羌塘盆地土门格拉组烃源岩TOC直方图
根据干酪根镜检结果(表3,图4),样品的干酪根显微组成以腐泥组为主,含量51%~85%,均值75%;其次为惰质组,含量15%~49%,均值25%;不含壳质组和镜质组。一般认为,腐泥组主要来自于低等水生生物,富含氢组分,是生成油气最主要的有机质类型,惰质组在烃源层中也是较常见的显微组分,但其基本无油气潜力,它的存在表明原始母质中含有陆源高等植物(卢双舫等,2008;范文斐等,2016)。根据干酪根类型指数(TI)计算结果,研究区烃源岩类型指数为2~70,均值51,有机质类型绝大多数为腐殖-腐泥型(II1型),仅2件样品为腐泥-腐殖型(II2型)。此外,氯仿沥青“A”族组分中的饱和烃与芳烃之比也可以反映有机质类型。根据中国石油天然气总公司1995年发布的行业标准,饱和烃/芳香烃值大于3为I型有机质,1.6~3之间为II1型,1~1.6之间为II2型,小于1为III型。研究区烃源岩的饱/芳值为1.9~5.1(表3),平均值2.8。在送检的14件样品中,有3件样品的饱/芳值大于3,属于I型有机质,其余11件样品的饱/芳值位于1.6~3之间,属于II1型有机质。饱/芳值判别结果与干酪根镜检分析结果基本一致,由此可见,土门格拉组烃源岩有机质类型总体较好。
3.3 有机质成熟度
镜质体反射率Ro是反应烃源岩有机质成熟度最有效的指标,最高热解峰温Tmax和干酪根腐泥组颜色一般作为参考指标(卢双舫等,2008)。分析结果显示(表4),土门格拉组烃源岩的镜质体反射率Ro值除一个样品为1.61%外,其余样品均大于2%,介于2.43%~2.76%之间,表明烃源岩有机质演化程度已达到过成熟阶段(图5);但Tmax值介于340~544℃,平均值为467℃,显示烃源岩主要处于成熟阶段,其判别结果与Ro不符,有研究指出,当S2值小
表1 青藏高原泥质烃源岩残余有机值丰度评价标准Table 1 Evaluation criteria of the residual organic matter abundance of mudstone source rock in the Tibet Plateau
表2 羌塘盆地土门格拉组烃源岩有机质丰度数据Table 2 Organic matter abundance of source rocks from Tumengela Formation,Qiangtang basin
表3 羌塘盆地土门格拉组烃源岩干酪根显微组成Table 3 Kerogen micro-composition of source rocks from Tumengela Formation,Qiangtang basin
图4 不同类型干酪根镜检照片
于0.2mg/g时,对应的Tmax值可能测不准确(赵政璋等,2000;陈文彬等,2015b),从表2可以看出,所有样品的S2值全部小于0.2mg/g,因此,Tmax值只能作为参考指标。样品的干酪根腐泥组颜色主要为棕褐色(图4a~c),少数为棕色(图4d),指示这些样品已处于成熟-高成熟阶段,这一判别结果也和Ro有所差别。综合上述分析,我们认为土门地区土门格拉组烃源岩有机质演化程度较高,主要处于过成熟产干气阶段。
4 讨论
Fuetal.(2013)和陈文彬(2015a)的研究表明,羌塘盆地上三叠统土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机质丰度较高,达到中等-很好烃源岩标准,有机质类型主要为II型,总体上处于高成熟-过成熟阶段。本文的研究结果与之相似,土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩总体上达到了中等-好烃源岩标准,局部为很好烃源岩,有机质类型主要为II1型,处于过成熟阶段。但肖睿等(2015b)对QK-2井土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的研究结果显示,尽管土门格拉组泥质烃源岩有机质丰度达到好烃源岩标准,但有机质类型却以III型为主,并处于成熟阶段。研究表明,烃源岩的优劣及在空间上的展布严格受控于沉积环境(赵政璋等,2000;鹿坤等,2013)。通过羌塘盆地晚三叠世卡尼期-诺利期岩相古地理的对比发现(王剑等,2004),QK-2井更靠近隆起剥蚀区,因此,烃源岩的有机质母质可能包含了更多的陆源组分,从而导致其有机质类型以III型为主,恰好III型有机质也有利于生气。QK-2井土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的Ro值为1.16%~1.19%,处于成熟阶段,但考虑到Ro值仅有3个,并且Tmax值为482~491℃(对应的S2>0.2mg/g),显示有机质热演化已达到高成熟阶段(肖睿,2015b),加之这些样品均取自于断层或断层带附近,其Ro值很可能低于实际值(许怀先等,2004),综合这些因素,笔者推测该区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩可能已经达到高成熟阶段。
表4 羌塘盆地土门格拉组烃源岩有机质成熟度参数Table 4 Maturity parameters of organic matter of source rocks from Tumengela Formation,Qiangtang basin
图5 羌塘盆地土门格拉组烃源岩Ro vs.Tmax图解
羌塘盆地侏罗系烃源岩沉积厚度大,分布广泛,长期以来,它被认为是盆地内最具生烃潜力的烃源岩(赵政璋等,2000;王剑等,2004,2009a),而南羌塘古油藏带的发现进一步证实了羌塘盆地烃源岩曾发生过大规模的油气运移和成藏(王成善等,2004;伍新和等,2005),油源对比研究显示古油藏的油源主要来自侏罗系烃源岩(王成善等,2004;伍新和等,2005;陈文彬等,2008;季长军等,2013)。对于上三叠统烃源岩而言,先前的研究主要集中在肖茶卡组(赵政璋等,2000;王剑等,2004,2009a),但新近的研究成果显示,上三叠统土门格拉组烃源岩也具备良好的生烃(气)潜力(Fuetal.,2013;陈文彬等,2015a,2015b;肖睿,2015b),王剑等(2009a)估算的羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩的油气资源量(以气为主)为34.3×108t,并且上三叠统烃源岩的埋藏条件好于侏罗系烃源岩(陈文彬等,2015a),这些事实表明羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩具有良好的油气勘探潜力。
5 结论
羌塘盆地土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的TOC含量为0.54%~1.36%,达到中等-很好烃源岩标准;干酪根显微组分以腐泥组为主,有机质类型主要为II1型;有机质热演化处于过成熟阶段。羌塘盆地土门地区土门格拉组泥质烃源岩的发现进一步表明羌塘盆地上三叠统烃源岩具备良好的生烃(气)潜力。
致谢:羌塘盆地土门地区天然气水合物1:5万区块地质调查项目组所有人员在野外和室内给予帮助,在此表示感谢!
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Geochemical Characteristics of the Upper Triassic Tumengela Formation Source Rocks in the Tumen Area of the Qiangtang Basin,Tibet
XIE Long,TAO Gang,LIU He,LI Chao
(InstituteofSedimentaryGeology,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,Chengdu,Sichuan610059)
This work obtained a set of mudstone source rocks from the Upper Triassic Tumengela Formation in the Tumen Area,southern Qiangtang basin of Tibet.An analysis has been made to its organic matter abundance,organic matter type and organic matter maturity.The results indicate that the total organic carbon (TOC) content ranges between 0.54% and 1.36%,mostly reaching a medium-good standard and few reaching a very good level.The microscopic examination of kerogens shows the organic matter being mainly of II1type.The vitrinite reflectance is as high asRo=1.61%~2.76%.The pyrolysis peak temperature of rocks is between 340℃ and 544℃.In addition,the sapropelinite in the kerogens is brown-sepia,implying the thermal evolution of organic matter has come up to a high maturity stage.The discovery of this suit of source rocks further suggests that the Upper Triassic source rocks of the Qiangtang basin have a good potential of hydrocarbon generation.
Qiangtang basin,Tumen area,Tumengela Formation,source rocks
2016-03-30;[修改日期]2016-06-20;[责任编辑]郝情情。
羌塘盆地土门地区天然气水合物1:5万区块地质调查项目(编号:GZHL20110302)资助。
解 龙(1990年—),男,2014年毕业于成都理工大学,获学士学位,在读硕士研究生,主要从事区域地质调查工作。E-mail:648373777@qq.com。
TE122
A
0495-5331(2016)04-0774-09
Xie Long, Tao Gang, Liu He, Li Chao. Geochemical characteristics of the Upper TriassicTumengela Formation source rocks in the Tumen area of the Qiangtang basin, Tibet[J]. Geology and Exploration, 2016, 52(4): 0774-0782.