2017年高考英语阅读理解题解题攻略(一)
2016-12-23吴元培
吴元培
阅读理解是高考试题的重点,不仅考查考生对语篇的整体把握能力,而且考查快速捕捉信息、准确理解特定细节以及复杂句子的能力;不仅要能准确理解文章表层的意思,还要能通过表层去推理、判断。除此之外,还涉及非语言因素,如掌握所学语言国家的社会和文化背景知识、生活常识、逻辑知识和语言修养等。
一、阅读理解题的特点
1.阅读理解的题型可分为:主旨大意题、细节理解题、推理判断题、猜测词义题等。其中以细节理解题与推理判断题为主,通过捕捉细节,分析细节,从而归纳或推测出正确答案。
2.高考英语阅读理解文章体裁广泛,一般有记叙文、描写文、说明文、应用文和论述文。不同的文体有不同的段落组织方式和脉络层次。记叙文往往按时间顺序展开段落,文章有明显表示时间先后的词语。阅读时抓住时间这条主线,弄清who,what,when,where,why与how。描写文通过细节的描写来反映事物的特征、性质。对这种文章要迅速弄清其主题,主题词往往贯穿文章的始末;紧紧围绕这个主题进行阅读,找到文章与之有关的信息,并确定信息与主题的关系。说明文多见于科普文章,用以解释或揭示事物的状态、特征、演变、结果及其相互之间的关系,这类文章的首句往往是主题句,说明文章所关注的对象。论述文渗透作者的个人观点、态度,阅读论述文应该从文体的结构特点入手。作者往往通过过渡词和关联词来组织段落与文章,对过渡词的迅速捕捉和对关联词的准确判断是至关重要的。此外,要特别注意区分作者的观点与文章所提到的人物的观点,同时注意作者所使用的表示赞同、反对等感情色彩的词汇。
3.阅读理解题材多样,有科普类、人物传记、故事类、历史地理文化类、广告和新闻报道类、政治经济、社会热点类等。阅读材料多为近年来国内外报刊、杂志上具有时代性的原汁原味的文章,并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。
4.阅读理解难度适中,包括难题、中等难度试题与容易试题,其中以中等难度试题为主,体现了大纲的要求。近年来对深层次理解试题考查力度加大。
二、阅读理解各类题型解题策略
(一)主旨大意题
1.题型特点与命题方式
主旨大意题属于综合理解题,主要考查考生对文章进行概括或总结的能力,要求考生在阅读文章时,能够提炼出文章的中心思想,体会作者的写作意图,充分运用逻辑概括能力,透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、论点以及作者的情感倾向。只有通过阅读掌握了文章的主题,才能正确理解文章,进而根据文章的事实细节推测作者的态度和观点。此类题型的题干设问方式有:
(1)标题类常见题干
① The best title/headline for this passage might be _________.
② What is the best title for the passage?
③ Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?
④ The subject discussed in this text is_________.
(2)大意类常见题干
① Whats the main idea of this passage?
② The general/main idea of the passage is about_________.
③What does the writer mainly tell us?
④ Which of the following can summarize the main idea of this text?
⑤ Which of the following best expresses the main idea?
2.解题思路与策略
(1)主旨大意题解题思路
①寻找主题句,确定文章大意。在许多情况下,尤其是在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:开头、中间、结尾(或在开头结尾同时出现首尾呼应的主题句)。因此,要准确地抓住文章的主题思想,就要十分留意文章的开头和结尾。抓住文中具有概括性的信息,从上下文连贯的意思来理解全文,看作者主要谈的是什么,透过文字叙述的过程来归纳主题,再从选择项中找出最符合表达主题思想的选项。有些干扰项,从局部看也许不算错,但从全局来看却是片面的。考生在做题时不要被局部现象所迷惑,而忽略了文章的整体思想。
②抓住段落大意,概括中心思想。寻找整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在寻找各段落中心句的基础上。各段落中心句的整体归纳形成文章的中心思想。在这个过程中,不能仅依据只言片语或某一段落,而应该综合全文的结构安排,理解文章浓墨重笔的“重心”,考虑文章的材料及支撑性细节是服务于什么,分析故事情节围绕什么发展,最后用简明扼要的文字将文章的中心思想表达出来。
③抓住文章主线和关键词语,归纳文章中心。不是所有的段落都有主题句,有时主题句隐含在段落中。阅读这样的文章,就需要考生根据文章的细节来分析,进而概括出段落的主题,推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是,先弄清各段落主要讲了什么内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。
(2)主旨大意题解题策略
做此类题时常用略读法。快速阅读文章的首段和尾段的首句或尾句或每段的首句或尾句,找出各个段落的主题句,重点搜索主题信息。着眼于全文结构安排,了解文章的重心,就能概括出文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式,选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文,不能太大也不能太小。命题者常常利用生活常识编造干扰项,把文中的细节当主旨,利用局部信息编造干扰项。因此做主旨大意题时考生不能以偏概全、不能过于笼统、言过其实,也不能把读者的观点强加给作者。下面结合高考试题,谈谈标题类与大意类主旨大意题的解题策略。
①标题类。
标题是段落中心思想最精炼的表达形式。在阅读中不仅要求考生能够通过自己已知的信息概括出段落的中心思想,而且还要对概括出的中心思想加以提炼,拟定出段落的标题,这样在测试中就能迅速而准确地选出答案。
文章标题可以是单词,短语,也可以是句子。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章讨论的中心。作者往往对文章的主题有意识地反复论述,抓住反复出现的中心词,即高频词,就能把握文章的中心。中心词的特点是:短小精悍,多为短语;涵盖性强,一般要求能覆盖全文,其确定的范围要恰当,既不能太大,也不能太小;精确性强,不能随意改变语言表意的程度及色彩。
【典例】Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking peoples e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories. (2016年全国III卷,D篇)
15. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide
B. Online News Attracts More People
C. Reading Habits Change with the Times
D. Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks
解析: D。主旨大意题。根据文章第一段中“By tracking peoples e-mails ... disasters and sob stories.”可知,好消息在网络上传播更快,影响更深远;由此可知本文主要讲在网络普及的年代好消息在网络上传播比坏消息更快。
②大意类。
解答该题型最关键的是找出主题句,把握文章主旨。概括主旨的方法是:先看首尾或各段开头再看全文找主题句,若无明显主题句,则通过关键词句来概括(如议论文中寻找表达作者观点态度的词句,记叙文中寻找概括情节和中心的动词或反映人物特点的形容词)。文中出现两种或两种以上的不同观点时,务必牢记作者的观点才是体现全文中心的。此时,要注意一些转折词,如but, yet, however, although, in spite of, by contrast, on the contrary等,文章或段落的主题句常会出现在一些标志性的提示词后。当文章中表示相反的观点时,往往用到这些词。答题时要弄清哪个是作者的观点,排除迷惑性信息,准确归纳主旨大意。
【考例】Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists. Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood. Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children. The same cognitive systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists. As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.” (2016年浙江卷,C篇)
53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
A. The world may be more clearly explained through childrens play.
B. Studying babies play may lead to a better understanding of science.
C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.
D. Ones drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.
解析:B。段落大意题。根据本段的第一句“Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn, but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.”可知本段大意是:研究孩子能够让人们更好地了解科学。
(二)细节理解题
1.题型特点与命题方式
这一题型大多根据文中具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问。一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直接找到答案,常见的类型有对号入座题、是非判断题、表格理解题等)、语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换,两者存在表达上的差异,有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论,比如:数字计算、排序题、正误判断等),抓住文中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键。此类题型的题干设问方式有:
(1) When/Where did the story happen?
(2) Which of the following is NOT true according to the information in the passage?
(3) The author mentions all of the following except...
(4) All the statements are true except...
(5) Which of the following statements is (not) correct according to the passage?
(6) Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?
(7) The writer mentions all of the items listed below except ______.
(8) Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?
(9) From the passage we know that ______.
该题型几乎都可以在文中直接找到与答案有关的信息,或者其变体,所以搜查信息在阅读中非常重要,包括理解作者在叙述某事时使用的具体事实、数据、图表等细节信息。
2.解题思路与策略
(1)细节理解题解题思路
①先读题后看文。快速通读全文,大致了解不同信息间的差异,为解决问题储备信息;同时适度关注转折、否定、列举、同位语、插入语、定语等。
②确定题干与选项中的关键词。根据题目要求,从题干与选项中抓住关键性词语,以此为线索,通过略读和寻读快速而准确地在文中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句,锁定相关信息,标出与题目、选项义同词不同的部分。然后仔细品读,认真比较选项和文中细节,在准确理解该细节的前提下,排除干扰项,从而确定答案。凡找到与原文含义表述完全相符的同义异构选项即可确定为答案,不必再去验证其他选项为什么错了。
③回读信息,验证答案。确定答案后,必须回读原文,再次根据原文中的信息对选项进行验证。
(2)细节理解题解题策略
细节理解题是针对文中某个细节、某句话或某部分具体内容设置问题,正确答案的依据一定可以在原文中找到,对原句改写的选项往往是正确选项。做这类题一般采用寻读法,即先读题,然后带着问题快速阅读短文,找出与问题有关的词语或句子,再对相关部分进行定位,进而细读,然后进行比较和分析,便可确定答案。下面结合最新高考试题,对不同类型的细节题进行解读。
①直接信息题。
此类细节理解题可在原文中直接找到答案,考生可首先从问题中找到关键词,然后以此为线索,运用略读以及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节,找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍,仔细比较所给选项与文中细节的细微区别,在准确理解细节的前提下,最后确定出最佳答案。
【典例】El Nino, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nino sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round. (2016年江苏卷,C篇)
61. What can we learn about El Nino in Paragraph 1?
A. It is named after a South American fisherman.
B. It takes place almost every year all over the world.
C. It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.
D. It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.
解析:D 。 细节理解题。根据本段的最后一句“El Nino sees warm water, ...or sometimes the other way round.”可知,厄尔尼诺现象见证了海水水流方向的变化,所以此题选择D项。
②间接信息题。
此类细节理解题通常采用词语与句型转换的形式来取代原文中的表述,解题时要注意命题人惯用的“偷梁换柱、张冠李戴”等手法,因此正确理解题干和信息句的意义是解题的关键。考生需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换,如果两者存在表达上的差异,需要对原文信息进一步加工处理,进一步加以鉴别或推理。间接信息题是介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型,对考生来说有一定难度。
【典例】It was summer and, one day, my mother drove me to the bike shop to get a tire fixed—and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it. (2016年浙江卷,D篇)
56. When the author saw the basket in the window, she________.
A. fell in love with it
B. stared at her mother
C. recognized it at once
D. went up to the bike guy
解析:A。细节理解题。根据本段中“... and there it was in the window, White, shiny, plastic and decorated with flowers, the basket winked at me and I knew—I knew—I had to have it.”可知,当作者在橱窗里面看见这个篮子时就喜欢上了它。
③数字计算题。
此类试题在文中直接表现出细节事实,有的要经过具体的计算才能够选出正确答案。具体的计算题可以是对年代的计算、月份的计算或比例的计算等。文中经常会出现许多数字,这对解题产生一定的影响。解答此类试题的方法是先理解文章的大意,然后经过对比、分析、计算等就能选出正确答案。
【典例】Mothers have long known that their home workload was just as heavy as paid work. Now, the new study has shown that if they were paid for their parental labours, they would earn as much as£172,000 a year.
The study looked at the range of jobs mothers do, as well as the hours they are working, to determine the figure. This would make their yearly income£30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.(2015年四川卷,C篇)
38. How much would a mother earn a year if working as the Prime Minister?
A.£30,000. B.£142,000.
C.£172,000. D.£202,000.
解析:B。数字计算题。根据第一段中“...they would earn as much as£172,000 a year.”与第二段中“This would make their yearly income£30,000 more than the Prime Minister earns.”可知,一位全职妈妈的年收入是172,000英镑,比首相的年收入还多30,000英镑,由此可算出首相的年收入是:172,000-30,000=142,000。
④排列顺序题。
这类试题要求考生根据事件发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件发生的正确顺序。解答此类试题可采用“首尾定位法”,即最先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件,迅速缩小选择范围,从而快速选出正确答案。
【典例】A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart.
Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.
Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR.
However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead.
Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived.
Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.” (2014年四川卷, C篇)
40. Whats the right order of the events?
①Izzy kicked Colm.
②Debbie called 999.
③Izzy learned CPR.
④Colms heart stopped.
A.③①②④ B. ④②③①
C. ③④②① D. ④③①②
解析:C。细节理解题。解此道排序题可采用首尾确定法,文章采用倒叙的手法,先描述了Izzy对父亲采取的急救行为,然后在第六段提到母亲教Izzy如何急救,所以Izzy学过急救是最先发生的,可排除B、D项;再根据第三段内容可知:在父亲晕倒后,母亲拨打急救电话,而Izzy知道医生不能及时赶到,就对父亲实施急救。所以此题选择C项。
⑤图表图画题。
在有图表图画的阅读理解中,有的图表图画出现在阅读理解文章中,有的出现在选项中,这些图片的出现增加了试题的直观性,同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候,一定要把握图表图画中所暗含的信息,特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的,考生可以采用按图寻找正确答案的方法。
【典例】
Bar Graphs
A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1,we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned, and the y-axis
shows how many students earned each grade. You can see that 6 students earned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this (See Graph 1). (2015年浙江卷,B篇)
47. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better?
A. 4 B. 6 C.10 D. 20
解析:D。细节理解题。根据图示可知获得C级的学生有4人,比C级好的A级学生有6人,比C级好的B级学生有10人,由此可知获得C或更好的学生人数一共有:4+6+10=20。