孔子的『做官经』
2016-11-26周东娜
文/周东娜
孔子的『做官经』
文/周东娜
孔子享年73岁,这在先秦时代已经属于长寿了。73年的人生经历当中,孔子做过很多方面的事情——管过仓库,放过牛羊,当过老师,干过管家,也当过官。
孔子当官的时间,满打满算也就3年左右,大约相当于他一生中的二十四分之一,因而他的名字很难与官员这种身份符号联系在一起。尽管如此,孔子对于如何做官,却是颇有心得和见解的,在回答弟子和时人有关问题的时候,每每作出精辟的阐述。这些精辟阐述,堪称孔子的“做官经”。
在孔子看来,做官首先是做人,只有成为道德高尚的正人君子,治国理政就不在话下。所以当有人请教如何为政时,孔子给出了这样的回答:“为的‘政’字也就是端端正正的‘正’字,居于高位的人自身端端正正了,那么还有谁会去搞歪门邪道呢?”他还曾强调说:“做官的人如果行得端立得正,为政还有什么问题?如果自身不正,又如何能使别人端正呢?”
做官,仅仅使自己成为正人君子还不够,还要能够做到率先垂范、作风过硬。弟子子路曾就处理政务的问题向孔子请教,孔子答以四个字:“先之,劳之。”意思就是自己先要带个好头、率先垂范,然后方可要求别人努力去做。子路请老师给予自己更进一步的训诫,孔子遂补充了两个字:“无倦。”意即要有坚持不懈、持之以恒的态度和作风。
做官,上有君下有民,因而必须讲究事君临民之道。那么如何事君呢?孔子主张“臣事君以忠”即对国君必须尽忠输诚。不过,孔子所讲的尽忠输诚可不是唯唯诺诺、奴颜婢膝的愚忠,而是要以国家利益、分内职责为重,忠于职守而坚持原则,一旦国君的判断和决策出现偏差乃至错误,就需从大局出发犯颜进谏,切不可违心和自欺欺人地盲从,此即孔子针对弟子子路“问事君”所作的回答——“无欺也,而犯之”的核心意涵。弟子子贡曾想当然地认为子从父命即是孝、臣从君命即是忠,孔子对此极为不满,曾狠狠地批评了子贡一通,指出:“拥有一万辆兵车的大国如果有四位直言极谏的大臣,其疆域便不会受到侵夺;拥有一千辆兵车的国家有三位直言极谏的大臣,其存在便不会受到威胁;拥有一百辆兵车的大夫之家有两位直言极谏的家臣,其宗庙便不会被毁除。大臣对君主的命令一味服从,怎么能算作忠贞呢?”可见,在孔子看来,敢谏君过是人臣之忠的题中要义。
对于临民,孔子也有谆谆教诲和具体要求。他的基本主张是:首先要“使民以时”,即照顾到民众的生产和生活,避免在农忙时节增加他们的劳役负担;其次要“薄赋敛”,即减轻民众的租税负担;复次要“因民之所利而利之”,即实行政策惠民,在不增加国家过多花费的同时施惠于民。
虽然现在距离孔子的时代已经过去了2500多年,但是我们如能深刻领会孔子“做官经”的基本精神,真正做到“情为民所系,权为民所用,利为民所谋”,就一定会在实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的征程中作出积极的贡献。
“PRINCIPLES OF BEING AN OFFICIAL” BY CONFUCIUS
Confucius once served as an official for about 3 years, roughly equivalent to one twenty-fourth of his whole life. In Confucius’opinion, one should have his own personality before being an official; as long as one becomes an upright person of high morality,he could manage state affairs. As an official, one should not only be an upright person, but also lead by example and maintain a strict working style.
An official ranks below the monarch and above civilians, so he must adhere to the principle of serving the monarch and benefiting civilians. Well,how to serve the monarch? Confucius advocated“serving the monarch with loyalty”, i.e., being loyal to the monarch. For benefiting civilians, Confucius also had inculcation and specific requirements. His basic view is giving consideration to civilians' production and life, alleviating their tax burden and implementing the policy of benefiting people.