不同剂量羟乙基淀粉对全麻患者血流动力学及凝血功能的影响
2016-11-19周文全梁建平刘英英
周文全 梁建平 刘英英
[摘 要] 目的:研究不同剂量羟乙基淀粉(130/0.4)对骨科全麻患者血流动力学及凝血功能的影响。方法:选取2014年5月-2015年5月拟在我院行髋关节置换手术的全麻患者200例,根据给予羟乙基淀粉剂量的不同随机分为A、B两组,各100例。A组患者给予羟乙基淀粉10mL/kg; B组患者给予羟乙基淀粉20mL/kg。记录扩容前(T1)、输液后15min(T2)、输液30min(T3)、输液60min(T4)血流动力学指标:心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、尿量变化情况。T1和T4时间点抽取患者外周静脉血5mL监测患者的凝血功能指标:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原浓度(FIB)、血小板聚集功能(PAG)以及血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血红细胞压积(HCT)含量的变化。结果:两组患者一般情况及手术情况相比差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。两组患者T1时刻HR、MAP、CVP及尿量相比,差异无统计学意义;T2~T4时刻,两组患者HR、MAP与T1时间点相比差异无统计学意义且组间比较也无差异;两组患者T2~T4时间点CVP、尿量明显高于T1时间点,差异有统计学意义,B组稍高于A组但差异无统计学意义。两组患者术前PT、APTT、FIB、PAG、PLT、Hb、HCT相比差异无统计学意义,T4时间点两组患者APTT明显高于T1时间点,差异有统计学意义,两组间比较差异无统计学意义;两组患者T4时间点PLT、Hb、HCT明显低于T1时间点且B组患者明显低于A组患者,差异有统计学意义。结论:全麻患者给予10mL/kg、20mL/kg剂量的羟乙基淀粉对患者凝血功能的影响小,均能保证患者围术期血流动力学的稳定。
[关键词] 羟乙基淀粉;血流动力学;凝血功能;全身麻醉
中图分类号:R614.2 文献标识码:B 文章编号:2095-5200(2016)05-059-04
[Abstract] Objective: To study the effects of different doses of hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) on hemodynamics and coagulation function in orthopedics patients undergoing general anesthesia. Methods: 200 general anesthesia patients undergoing hip replacement surgery in our hospital from May 2014 to May 2015 were randomly divided into groups A and B according to different doses of hydroxyethyl starch, 100 cases in each goup. Group A was treated with hydroxyethyl starch injection in a dose of 10mL/kg; group B was treated with hydroxyethyl starch injection in a dose of 20mL/kg. Hemodynamic indexes were recorded before the expansion (T1), 15 min after infusion (T2), infusion of 30 min (T3), and infusion of 60 min (T4): heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), central venous pressure (CVP), urine volume changes. At T1 and T4 time points, 5 mL venous blood were taken from patients for monitoring coagulation indexes: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), platelet aggregation (PAG) and platelet count (PLT), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell hematocrit (HCT) content changes. Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in general condition and operation condition. MAP, CVP and HR and urine volume were compared between two groups of patients at T1 time point, the differences were not statistically significant; at T2 and T4 time points, HR and MAP of two groups of patients were compared with those at T1 time point, there were no significant intra-group and inter-group differences; CVP and urine volume at T2 and T4 time points were significantly higher than those of T1 time point in the two groups, the intra-group difference was statistical significant, CVP and urine volume of group B was higher than those of group A, but the differences were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences in PT, APTT, FIB, PAG, PLT, Hb and HCT between the two groups of patients before treatment, APTT at T4 time points in two groups of patients were significantly higher than those at the T1 time point, there were statistically significant intra-group differences, but no significant difference between the two groups; PLT, Hb, HCT at T4 time point were significantly lower than those at T1 time points in both two groups, but PLT, Hb, HCT of group B were significantly lower than those of group A, the differences were statistically significant. Conclusions: The effects of a dose of 10mL/kg and 20mL/kg hydroxyethyl starch on coagulation function in patients undergoing general anesthesia were both small, and both can guarantee the stable hemodynamics in patients during the perioperative period.
[Key words] hydroxyethyl starch; hemodynamics; blood coagulation; general anesthesia
羟乙基淀粉(130/0.4)是一种新型的胶体型血浆代用品,能够有效地增加患者血容量,改善患者心输出量以及机体的氧供氧需,改善创伤、休克、血容量不足患者各器官功能,保证患者血流动力学平稳。髋关节置换患者多为老年患者,常伴有心肺功能疾病,施行全身麻醉期间可能发生血流动力学波动,因此围术期的容量管理则显得至关重要。相关研究表明不同的容量管理对患者围术期血流动力学以及凝血功能的影响不同[1-3],因此本研究将探讨不同剂量羟乙基淀粉(130/0.4)对骨科全麻患者血流动力学及凝血功能的影响,为临床全麻患者合理使用羟乙基淀粉提供指导。
1 材料与方法
1.1 一般资料
选择2014年5月至2015年5月拟在我院行髋关节置换手术的全麻患者200例,55~75岁,ASA I~Ⅲ级,排除术前患有严重心脏病;呼吸系统疾病;肝肾功能异常;Hb<110g/L;近期使用过影响血小板功能、凝血系统、纤溶以及抗凝系统的药物者;高血压、糖尿病患者。排除围术期失血量超过总血容量20%以及输血的患者。根据给予羟乙基淀粉剂量的不同随机分为A、B两组,各100例。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准且所有患者均签署了知情同意书。
1.2 麻醉方法
所有患者术前完善血尿常规、肝肾功能电解质、凝血功能、心电图、胸片等检查,术前一天常规禁食禁饮。清醒进入手术室后常规吸氧2L/min,开放外周静脉给予乳酸林格式液10mL/kg,常规监测心电图、脉搏氧饱和度,局麻下行桡动脉穿刺持续监测有创动脉血压并在局麻下行锁骨下静脉穿刺持续监测中心静脉压力。A组患者给予羟乙基淀粉10mL/kg,B组患者给予羟乙基淀粉20mL/kg,0.5~1h内输完后给予乳酸林格式液维持。麻醉诱导给予咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg、依托咪酯2mg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵0.2mg/kg、瑞芬太尼2μg/kg,3min后在可视喉镜下进行气管插管,接麻醉机进行机械通气,调整呼吸参数潮气量VT 6~8mL/kg、呼吸频率RR12次/分、吸呼比I:E为1:2,维持呼吸末二氧化碳分压PETCO2为30~35mmHg。两组患者均采用静吸复合麻醉维持麻醉,丙泊酚(4~12 mg·kg-1·h-1)、瑞芬太尼(0.2mg·kg-1·min-1)、七氟烷1%~2%,调整丙泊酚和七氟烷的用量使脑电双频指数BIS值维持在40~50。围术期合理使用血管活性药物使血压波动低于基础值的20%,并根据手术情况合理追加顺式阿曲库铵。两组患者均在手术结束前30min给予注射用帕瑞昔布钠超强镇痛,待患者睁眼意识清醒、自主呼吸恢复、肌张力恢复后拔出气管导管。
1.3 观察指标
统计两组患者麻醉手术时间以及围术期的出血量;扩容前(T1)、输液后15min(T2)、输液30min(T3)、输液60min(T4)血流动力学指标:心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)、中心静脉压(CVP)、尿量变化情况。并于T1和T4时间点抽取患者外周静脉血5mL监测患者的凝血功能指标:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原浓度(FIB)、血小板聚集功能(PAG)以及血小板计数(PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、血红细胞压积(HCT)含量的变化。
1.4 统计学方法
应用SPSS19.0统计学软件进行统计学分析,计量资料采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 两组患者一般情况及手术情况
两组患者一般情况(年龄、性别比、体重指数、手术时间、术中失血量)相比差异无统计学意义,见表1。
2.2 围术期两组患者血流动力学比较
两组患者T1时刻HR、MAP、CVP及尿量相比,差异无统计学意义;T2~T4时刻,两组患者HR、MAP与T1时间点相比差异无统计学意义且组间相比也无差异;两组患者T2~T4时间点CVP、尿量明显高于T1时间点,差异有统计学意义,B组稍高于A组但差异无统计学意义,见表2。
2.3 两组患者扩容前和输液60min后凝血功能、PLT、Hb、HCT含量的比较
两组患者术前PT、APTT、FIB、PAG、PLT、Hb、HCT相比差异无统计学意义,T4时间点两组患者APTT明显高于T1时间点,差异有统计学意义,两组间比较差异无统计学意义;两组患者T4时间点PLT、Hb、HCT明显低于T1时间点且B组患者明显低于A组患者,差异有统计学意义,见表3。
3 讨论
目前临床上尚不能做到精确判断患者血容量以及补充液体的情况,围术期液体治疗常出现过量和不足情况[4-5]。单位时间内液体输入过多或者输入液体过快常会引起肺水肿严重情况甚至引起患者肺功能受损而死亡[6-7]。但是围术期液体量不足也常会引起患者血流动力学的不稳定,患者可能出现休克症状,心率增快、血压降低、尿量减少,严重影响患者围术期生命体征的稳定以及预后情况[8-9]。尤其是对于老年患者,心脏血管功能下降,术前长时间禁饮禁食引起其血容量减少,在全身麻醉诱导和维持期间常出现血流动力学的波动,因此完善围术期液体的管理对于其安全度过围术期具有重要意义。
羟乙基淀粉(130/0.4)是目前临床上普遍认为的一种较为理想安全的人工胶体溶液,能够快速有效地增加患者血容量,提高血浆渗透压,维持时间长达4h,扩容效果明显且对患者的血糖、肝肾功能、凝血功能较小,同时还具有防止毛细血管渗漏的优点[10-12]。羟乙基淀粉的维持时间长短、扩容强度大小以及不良反应的强度主要是由其平均分子量大小、浓度以及取代级和取代方式来决定的。分子量越大,取代级越高的羟乙基淀粉代谢时间越长,扩容能力越强同时对患者肾脏功能的影响也就越大[13-14]。
有研究结果表明,围术期患者输入羟乙基淀粉剂量小于50mL/kg时,患者的凝血功能影响轻微,不会增加围术期出血的情况[15-16]。在本研究中扩容后60min两组患者PT与扩容前相比差异无统计学意义,而APTT明显高于扩容前,表明羟乙基淀粉对外源性的凝血途径没有影响而对内源性的凝血途径具有抑制作用,但都在正常范围内,且两组间比较差异无统计学意义。由于血液稀释的原因两组患者扩容后PLT、Hb、HCT明显低于扩容前且B组患者明显低于A组患者,两组患者纤维蛋白原浓度虽然低于扩容前但仍在正常范围水平,且两组患者的血小板功能也没有受到影响,表明围术期输入不同剂量的羟乙基淀粉不会影响患者的凝血功能。两组患者不同时间点HR、MAP相比无差异,表明羟乙基淀粉能够保证患者围术期的血流动力学稳定,由于B组患者输入羟乙基淀粉剂量更多因此CVP及尿量也比A组患者高。
综上所述,全麻患者给予10mL/kg、20mL/kg剂量的羟乙基淀粉对患者凝血功能的影响小,均能保证患者围术期血流动力学的稳定,可以安全的用于临床全麻患者。
参 考 文 献
[1] RAHBARI NN, ZIMMERMANN JB, SCHMIDT T, et al. Meta-analysis of standard, restrictive and supplemental fluid administration in colorectal surgery[J]. Br J Surg, 2009,96(4):331-341.
[2] Thomas A, Doelbery M, Jungheinrich C, et al. Repetitive large dose infusion of the novel hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in patients with severe head injury[J]. Anesth Analg, 2013,116(4):258.
[3] Kind SL, Spahn NG, Emmert MY, et al. Is dilutional coagulapathy induced by different colloids reversible by replacement of fibrinogen and factor XⅢ concentrates[J]. Anesth Analy, 2013,117(5):1149-1161.
[4] Gattas DJ, Dam A, Mybergh J. Fluid resuscitation with 6% hydroxyethyl starch(130/0.4) in acutely ill patients an updated systematic review and meta analysis[J]. Anesth Analg, 2012,114(5):159-169.
[5] Bion J, Bellomo R, Myburgh J, et al. Hydroxyethyl starch: putting patient safety first[J]. Intensive Care Med, 2014,40(2):256-266.
[6] Jordan S, Mitchell JA, Quinlan GJ, et al. The pathogenesis of lung injury following pulmonary resection[J]. Eur Respir J, 2010,15(4):790-799.
[7] Haisch G, Boldt J, Krebs C, et al. The influence of intravascular volume therapy with a new hydroxyethyl starch preparation(6% HES 130/0.4) on coagulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery[J]. Anesth Analg, 2010,92(2):565-571.
[8] Guidet B, Martinet O, Boulain T, et al. Assessment of hemodynamic efficacy and safety of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 vs 0.9% NaCl fluid replacement in patients with severe sepsis: the crystmas study[J]. Crit Care, 2012,16(3):94-108
[9] Akkucuk FG, Kanbak M, Ayhan B, et al. The effect of HES(130/0.4) usage as the priming solution on renal function in children undergoing cardiac surgery[J]. Ren Fail, 2013,35(2):210-231.
[10] 贾倩倩.两种输液方案对老年病人腹部外科手术术后恢复的影响[D].南宁:广西医科大学,2010.
[11] Martin C, Jacob M, Vicaut E, et al. Effect of waxy maize derived hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 on renal function in surgical patients[J]. Anesthesiology, 2013,118(2):387-401.
[12] Mutler TC, Ruth CA, Dart AB. Hydroxyethyl starch(HES) versus other fluid therapies: effects on kidney function[J]. Cochrane Datebase syst Rev, 2013, 7:7594-7611.
[13] Bechir M, Puhan MA, Fasshaurer M, et al. Early fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0/4(6%) in severe burn jnjury: a randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical trial[J]. Crit Care, 2013,17(6):299-315.
[14] Yamakage M, Bepperling G, Wargenau M, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in healthy male volunteers of Japanese ethnicity after single infusion of 500 ml solution[J]. J Anesth, 2012,26(6):851-871.
[15] 王钰. 不同剂量羟乙基淀粉130/0.4对严重脓毒症大鼠凝血功能的影响[D]. 宁波:宁波大学, 2014.
[16] Hsynes GR. Risks of hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 in cardiac surgey[J]. J Pharm Pract, 2014,27(1):17-30.