适用于测钎法的土壤侵蚀最低模数阈值探讨
2016-11-12毕华兴张建军
毕华兴,张建军
(1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,100083,北京;2.北京林果业生态环境功能提升协同创新中心,102206,北京;3.山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,100083,北京;4.水土保持国家林业局重点实验室(北京林业大学),100083,北京)
适用于测钎法的土壤侵蚀最低模数阈值探讨
毕华兴1,2,3,张建军1,3
(1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,100083,北京;2.北京林果业生态环境功能提升协同创新中心,102206,北京;3.山西吉县森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站,100083,北京;4.水土保持国家林业局重点实验室(北京林业大学),100083,北京)
测钎法具有布设简单、实施灵活、选材方便、成本低廉的优点,在土壤侵蚀监测,特别是生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测工作中应用广泛,但在实际使用中具有局限性。根据测纤法可测量的精度及其测定原理,从理论上推算适用测钎法的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值,对提高土壤侵蚀监测精度具有现实意义。结果表明:使用测纤法进行土壤侵蚀监测,月度、季度和年度的监测值可适用的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值分别为1 452、484和121 t/(km2·a),低于该阈值,监测数据精度不能保证。根据研究结果,建议在土壤侵蚀监测中,土壤侵蚀强度低于此阈值的地区或时段,宜采用其他监测方法,以确保土壤侵蚀监测结果的精确性。
测钎法;土壤侵蚀监测;精度;最低阈值
测钎法是利用一组测钎测量坡面土壤侵蚀厚度的设施,适用于分散的土状堆积物形成的稳定坡面的土壤流失观测[1],被广泛使用[2]。从应用的实践成果看,测钎法具有实施灵活、选材方便、布设简单、成本低廉的优点,但同时也存在监测精度不高、受人为活动扰动频繁、易受破坏等缺点[1,3],在土壤侵蚀监测中具有局限性。为了探讨测钎法在土壤侵蚀监测,尤其是生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测中的适用条件,笔者根据测纤法的实际测量精度以及其测量原理,从理论上推算出适用测钎法的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值,对提高土壤侵蚀监测精度具有现实的指导意义。
1 材料与方法
1.1 测钎法布设方法
根据坡面条件,将直径0.5~1 cm、长50~100 cm的测钎(可以是竹、木、铁、钢钎,如果是竹、木钎要用油漆做防腐处理),按一定距离分上中下、左中右纵横各3排、共9根布设在坡面上,测钎沿坡面垂直方向打入至与坡面水平面平齐,在测钎顶部涂上红漆并编号登记。测钎法布设示意图见图1。
图1 测纤法示意图Fig.1 Sketch of soil erosion monitoring with chain pin method
1.2 测钎法可测量精度
使用测纤法在实际土壤侵蚀监测过程中,在坡面布设的测钎与坡面接触的部位,即测钎出露高度观测的终点处,既不是水平面,也不是与坡面相平行的一个斜面,通常是不规则的凸凹形面。受周边土壤影响也会导致测钎根部土壤疏松,受径流冲刷后很容易在测钎根部形成凹坑,使测量终点存在不确定性,增加测钎读数的不确定性,最终会影响土壤侵蚀量的测量精度[1,3]。在上述条件下,基于肉眼可观测到的测纤高度的变化值在毫米之间,故本研究将测钎法可测量精度最大值定为毫米级。
1.3 土壤侵蚀量测定方法
将土壤侵蚀监测时段分为月度、季度和年度分别进行研究,通过观测测纤顶部与距地面的高差确定土壤侵蚀厚度,监测时段内的土壤侵蚀量计算公式[4]为
式中:W为监测时段内土壤侵蚀量,m3;H为监测时段内土壤侵蚀厚度,mm;S为水平投影面积,m2;θ为坡面坡度,(°)。
1.4 土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值确定方法
一定监测时段内,当9根测纤高度的变化量全为0时,即侵蚀厚度为0,侵蚀量也为0,说明未产生水土流失。定义其中任何一根测纤侵蚀厚度为1、其他8根测钎侵蚀厚度为0时,该样方内可测量到的土壤侵蚀量为最小土壤侵蚀量,所对应的土壤侵蚀模数为其最低阈值。
根据该定义,用肉眼可观测到一定时段内(如月、季度、年)发生土壤侵蚀的最低测量结果为9根测纤中其中任何一根测纤的高度变化量为1、其他8根为0。按此计算,整个监测样方内平均土壤侵蚀厚度为1/9=0.11 mm。监测样方的单位水平投影面积按1m2计算,则1 km2可计量出的最小侵蚀量体积为0.11mm×1 km2=110 m3,其质量可根据土壤体积和土壤密度计算得出。
2 结果与分析
不同监测时段土壤侵蚀模数计算结果见表1。根据土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值确定方法得出,如果测纤法用于每月的土壤侵蚀监测,则该地区的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值为1 452 t/(km3·a),如果测纤法用于每季度的土壤侵蚀监测,则该地区的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值为484 t/(km3·a),如果测纤法用于每年度的土壤侵蚀监测,则该地区的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值为121 t/(km3·a)。某地区如果土壤侵蚀模数大于最低阈值,则可考虑采取测钎法进行土壤侵蚀监测,否则监测数据精度不足,监测结果不可信。
表1 监测时段内测纤法可测量的土壤侵蚀量Tab.1 Measurable soil erosion using chain pinmethod in different monitoring periods
3 结论与讨论
只有当某地区(或某建设项目)在监测时段内土壤侵蚀模数大于最低阈值,才可考虑在该时段采取测钎法进行土壤侵蚀监测,否则监测数据精度不足,监测结果不可信,宜采用其他监测方法进行土壤侵蚀监测。
生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测过程中要求提供监测季报和年报,所以,每季度至少要对本季度的土壤流失量进行监测,然后根据1年内4个季度的监测数值,推算出全年的土壤侵蚀量。为此,生产建设项目土壤侵蚀监测中常用的测纤法具有局限性,仅适宜应用于土壤侵蚀模数大于484 t/(km3·a)的区域,否在测纤法不能应用于该类地区或该时段内的土壤侵蚀监测。
笔者对在广泛使用的土壤侵蚀监测方法—测纤法提出了适用性界定,认为测纤法有其适宜的使用地域和时段。通过概化各种基础条件,从理论上推算出测纤法适宜应用的区域,并给出使用测纤法的最低土壤侵蚀模数背景阈值。如果土壤侵蚀强度低于此阈值,测纤法不仅失去了其简单易行的优点,并且变得不可使用。建议在以后的土壤侵蚀监测中,一定要根据土壤侵蚀背景值,选择适宜的监测方法,在土壤侵蚀强度比较小的地域或时段,宜采用其他监测方法以确保土壤侵蚀监测结果的准确性。
本研究采用的土壤密度是不同土壤类型全球数据的概化,在实际应用过程中应根据各地区的实际情况采取当地相应的土壤密度,以确定本地区使用测纤法的土壤侵蚀模数最低阈值。
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M inimal threshold value of soil erosion modulus for soil erosion monitoring by chain pin method
Bi Huaxing1,2,3,Zhang Jianjun1,3
(1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,100083,Beijing,China;2.Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-environmental Improvement with Forestry and Fruit Trees,102206,Beijing,China;3.Ji County Station,Chinese National Ecosystem Research Network(CNERN),100083,Beijing,China;4.Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Soil and Water Conservation(Beijing Forestry University),100083,Beijing,China)
[Background]Chain pin method possesses the advantages of simple setting,flexible,convenient in material selection and low cost,thus has been widely used in soil erosion monitoring,especially in production and construction project soil erosion monitoring.However,there are a lot of disadvantages in the practical application of it,such as the monitoring accuracy is not high,the results are affected by anthropogenic disturbances frequently,and it is vulnerable to destruction.Moreover,there are limitations of using it in soil erosion monitoring.In order to investigate the scope of applying chain pin approach in soil erosion monitoring,especially for production and construction projects,and to obtain the applicable conditions for soil erosion monitoring using chain pin method,authors focus on theoretically calculating the minimal threshold of soil erosion modulus according to the measurement accuracy and principle of the chain pins,which has practical significance in increasing measurement precision of soil erosion monitoring.[Methods]The study was conducted on a slope with 9 rods evenly distributed.First of all,according to the actual situation,we determined the measured minimal height of chain pins that the naked eye can observe,and we calculated the sample average minimal soil erosionthickness and erosion volume;then on the basis of the corresponding to different soil texture and soil bulk density,we calculated soil erosion per square km in the monitoring period,and converted it to annual soil erosion modulus.[Results]Among 9 measuring chain pins,we supposed that any single pin was measured with the height change of 1 mm,other 8 pins were 0 with naked eye for a certain period of monitoring time(such as monthly,quarterly,and annually),thus,the average soil erosion thickness of the whole monitoring plot was 1/9=0.11 mm,based on this thickness,we calculated the minimal erosion volume as 110 cubic meters per square kilometer.Then we obtained the soil erosion weight according to the volume of soil and soil bulk density.From the calculation results,the minimal threshold value of soil erosion modulus was 1 452,484 and 121 t/(km2·a)for month,season and year,respectively.[Conclusions]It can be seen that the chain pin method can only be applied in the given region or period,where or when soil erosion modulus is above the calculated minimal threshold in this paper,or in the area with low soil erosion modulus.If chain pin method is applied in areas where does not meet the conditions mentioned above,there will be some limitations or even the monitoring data can't be acquired.It is suggested that other methods,such as sediment basin,should be adopted to ensure the accuracy of soil erosion monitoring results in areas or periods of lower soil erosion intensity than this min threshold.
chain pin method;soil erosion monitoring;measured precision;minimal threshold value
S157
A
1672-3007(2016)05-0119-04
10.16843/j.sswc.2016.05.015
2016- 05- 23
2016- 09- 24
项目名称:科技创新服务能力建设-协同创新中心-林果业生态环境功能提升协同创新中心(PXM2016_014207_000038)
毕华兴(1969—),男,教授,博士生导师。主要研究方向:水土保持与荒漠化防治。E-mail:bhx@bjfu.edu.cn