肝细胞特异性造影剂钆塞酸二钠诊断肝细胞肝癌的研究进展
2016-11-04杨艳董莘*
杨 艳 董 莘*
肝细胞特异性造影剂钆塞酸二钠诊断肝细胞肝癌的研究进展
杨艳①董莘①*
钆塞酸二钠(Gd-EOB-DTPA)作为肝细胞特异性造影剂的代表,近年被用于临床实践,以评估血管期的组织灌注和肝胆期的肝细胞特异性成像。这种结合的成像特性已被证明在发现和鉴别肝脏病变方面能提供优异的结果。Gd-EOB-DTPA在肝细胞肝癌、再生结节、退变结节的增强特征以及肝细胞特异性造影剂可进一步改善诊断能力等方面已取得新进展。
肝细胞肝癌;磁共振成像;钆塞酸二钠;造影剂
[First-author’s address] Department of Radiology, The 309thHospital of PLA, Beijing 100091, China.
磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)由于其可显示优秀的软组织对比,在发现和诊断肝脏病变的能力被认为超过CT影像,而肝细胞特异性造影剂的发现可进一步改善诊断能力。化学名为钆乙氧基苯甲基二乙烯五胺乙酸(gadoxetic acid disodium,Gd-EOB-DTPA)作为肝细胞特异性造影剂的代表近年来被用于临床实践[1-2]。而大量的文献[1-7]包括一些Ⅲ期临床试验证实了其在肝脏影像上的有效性[2]。Gd-EOB-DTPA在美国商品名为Eovist,在其他国家名为Primovist(普美显),其一方面具有二乙烯三胺五乙酸钆(Gd-DTPA)同样作用,作为细胞外间隙对比剂,可以被用于肝脏动态扫描[8];另一方面作为肝细胞特异性造影剂,在合理的时间范围内被用于肝细胞特异性显像,是其他肝细胞特异性造影剂不具备的特征,如钆贝葡胺(Gd-BOPTA)[8-10]。在美国,单次应用Gd-EOB-DTPA的价格约为Gd-DTPA的1.5倍,而在我国则约为2.5倍。
1 Gd-EOB-DTPA的作用原理
Gd-EOB-DTPA是一种新型肝胆特异性磁共振对比剂,是在钆-喷替酸葡甲胺(Gd-DTPA)分子上添加脂溶性的乙氧基苯甲基(ethoxybenzy1,EOB)而形成,其不仅具有非特异性细胞外对比剂的性质,还具有肝细胞特异性对比剂的特性[11]。静脉内注射后,这种以钆为基础的造影剂最初分布进入血管和组织间隙,类似于其他细胞外造影剂[8,11]。正常肝实质以及局灶性病变在动脉期、静脉期以及平衡期的增强模式与Gd-DTPA相似。由于Gd-EOB-DTPA存在亲脂的EOB基环,可以被存在于肝细胞膜上的有机阴离子转运蛋白(organic anion transport protein,OATP)以类似于胆红素代谢的形式摄入并分泌入胆管。正常功能的肝细胞随着Gd-EOB-DTPA首次通过肝脏开始摄取,肝实质信号强度随之增高。随着Gd-EOBDTPA持续摄取,肝实质信号强度渐进性增高;胆管信号也随着Gd-EOB-DTPA肝胆特异性分泌开始增高;而肝血管信号也随着血管内Gd-EOB-DTPA浓度的下降而逐渐减低。在肝肾功能正常者,大约50%的Gd-EOB-DTPA通过肝胆系统分泌排泄,而另50%通过肾脏排泄[12]。
人体对Gd-EOB-DTPA的耐受良好,不良反应有限,与其他以钆为基础的造影剂相似,报告的不良反应包括局部疼痛、恶心、呕吐、血管扩张、头痛、味觉反常、感觉异常、震颤、瘙痒、寒战以及虚弱无力。而有发生在其他以钆为基础造影剂引起肾源性系统性纤维化的风险,但尚未见与Gd-EOBDTPA有关的文献报道[13-14]。最近有文献报道,注射Gd-EOB-DTPA引起一过性呼吸困难明显高于Gd-DTPA,从而影响了动脉期图像质量[15]。
2 Gd-EOB-DTPA的应用进展
2.1扫描技术
由于Gd-EOB-DTPA的T1弛豫率高于Gd-DTPA,故Gd-EOB-DTPA的剂量只需Gd-DTPA的25%~50%(0.025~0.05 mmol/kg),采用25%的剂量,注射容积为标准Gd-DTPA的50%,推荐注射速率为1~2 ml/s[16]。使用剂量较小的造影剂注射容积绝对需要与影像采集配位,可以用团注定时技术或多动脉期采集[17]。前者采用荧光透视或自动触发技术,识别最佳动脉期并在该期间完成数据采集;后者是在估计的动脉期内连续完成数个扫描序列,从而捕获其中最佳动脉期采集。该技术需要改变扫描参数以获得快速的采集,图像分辨率也随之减低,也是该技术主要缺点。两个技术均需要在注射造影剂后用20~30 ml生理盐水冲洗,从而推动小的造影剂注射容积以优化动脉期。使用该技术与CT增强扫描一样,可以提高影像质量并减少伪影的产生。有学者认为,使用较低的注射速率以延长对比剂团注的长度[18]。Zech等[19]对动物模型的研究显示,1 ml/s的注射速率对于动脉期成像优于2 ml/s。更多研究发现二者在动脉期获得的影像差别不大,并且动脉期出现的磁化率伪影在使用较慢的注射速度时不易出现,但1 ml/s的流率受肝脏病变的性质影响较大。
无肝硬化的患者在注射Gd-EOB-DTPA后10 min,肝细胞特异期(肝实质期)扫描可以实施;对于肝硬化或胆红素升高的患者,20 min后的肝细胞特异期采集可能更合适[20]。为了优化检查时间,T2加权序列和弥散序列可以在平衡期和肝细胞特异期之间实施。短时间反转恢复序列(short time inversion recovery,STIR)同反相位T1加权序列则需在注射Gd-EOB-DTPA之前完成。整个检查完成时间大约需要30 min[21-22]。
通过在增强后的影像序列中减去增强前的影像获得减影影像,可以提供轻微或可疑增强病变的重要信息,特别是增强前T1加权表现为高信号的病变。此技术提供视觉化的病变评价方法,不需要感兴趣区的测量,根据各个医院放射科的工作流程,可以在MR控制台或专业工作站完成[21-22]。
2.2肝细胞肝癌的Gd-EOB-DTPA增强特征
肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的常规影像诊断是基于其多血管性。MRI的Gd-DTPA增强和多排CT三期碘增强检查均表现为动脉期的强化和静脉期的廓清。在诊断准确性方面MRI的Gd-DTPA增强等于或略高于多排CT三期扫描,其更大的优势是无电离辐射[23-26]。
Gd-EOB-DTPA增强检查的动脉期、静脉期以及平衡期对HCC的诊断能力与Gd-DTPA增强相似[21-22,27]。其最大的优势是肝细胞特异期,改善了探测等或少血管HCC的能力。由于肝脏对Gd-EOBDTPA的特异性摄取,在病变和正常肝脏之间形成强烈的反差,从而清晰地勾画出肿瘤的边界。然而,一些肝细胞肝癌表现为矛盾的Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取,在肝细胞特异期表现为等或高的信号。有研究表明,肝细胞特异期HCC的强化程度与其分化程度呈一定程度的正相关,即分化程度高者,癌细胞保留了部分肝细胞的功能,可摄取一定量的对比剂,在肝细胞特异期表现为等或高信号,反之分化差者则无强化而呈低信号改变[28]。然而,此观点遇到挑战。
Narita等[29]回顾性分析22例HCC,其中6例中等分化的HCC摄取Gd-EOB-DTPA,于肝细胞特异期表现为高信号,而另外11例中等分化的肝细胞肝癌则无Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取。其中4例Gd-EOBDTPA阳性摄取的HCC和5例Gd-EOB-DTPA阴性摄取的肝细胞肝癌组织学上发现有胆汁分泌。Gd-EOB-DTPA阳性摄取的患者与无Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取者比较,HCC表现OATP1B3蛋白的过度表达。OATP1B3蛋白水平明显与病变肝细胞特异期强化率相关(r=0.91,P<0.0001),研究结论是HCC对Gd-EOB-DTPA的摄取是由肿瘤的OATP1B3蛋白的表达水平决定,而与肿瘤的分化程度或胆汁的分泌及排泄无关。Asayama等[30]回顾性分析56例60个HCC,结果亦显示,HCC对Gd-EOB-DTPA的摄取与肿瘤的分化程度无关。该组病例显示10个分化程度差的HCC中的1个、42个分化程度中等的HCC中的25个和8个分化程度好的HCC中的4个对Gd-EOB-DTPA有摄取,并认为HCC对Gd-EOB-DTPA的摄取与肿瘤内胆汁生成物(福尔马林固定标本绿色区)高度相关。该研究还显示,Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取区与绿色区并不全部匹配,认为当HCC全部完成胆汁产生的肝脏摄取、肝内转运和胆汁分泌3个步骤时,Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取区与绿色区将完全匹配;当HCC仅完成Gd-EOBDTPA摄取而无力执行后2个步骤时或HCC内包含胆管成分而无Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取功能时,Gd-EOBDTPA摄取区与绿色区将不全部匹配。
Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI可以预测肿瘤的血管侵犯。Nishie等[31]报告61例手术切除的HCC,MRI显示其中25例肿瘤周围有Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取减低区,与病理对照,这些减低区明显与肿瘤最大直径和肝血管侵犯相关。肿瘤周围有Gd-EOB-DTPA摄取减低区可以作为显微镜下血管肿瘤侵犯的预测因子。Lim等[32]报告18例侵袭性肝癌,在注射Gd-EOBDTPA后3 min和肝细胞特异期分别有18例和15例表现为特征性的瘤内网状结构,提示肿瘤的浸润性。
2.3HCC与肝硬化结节的鉴别
肝硬化结节被分为无细胞异型的再生结节(regenerative nodule,RN)和有退变特征的退变结节(dysplastic nodule,DN),后者根据细胞异型的数量和程度又分为低级退变结节和高级退变结节。肝硬化结节在动态Gd-DTPA增强影像上表现为与肝实质一致的强化特征。一小部分肝硬化结节表现为动脉期的强化,但无静脉期的廓清。在Gd-EOB-DTPA增强影像上亦表现为与正常肝细胞一致的强化,特别是在肝细胞特异期[21-22]。用细胞外造影剂,如Gd-DTPA可以确诊大部分肝硬化结节。然而,部分肝硬化结节表现为动脉期的强化,静脉期和延迟期为等信号结节,与小肝癌的强化特征近似,造成了诊断的混乱。用Gd-EOB-DTPA有助于鉴别诊断,在肝细胞特异期表现为与肝实质一致的信号,提示良性结节,常规随访是足够处理方法。而在肝细胞特异期表现为低信号,则提示恶性结节,根据具体情况,可选择穿刺活检、手术治疗或短期随访[33]。Lee等[34]报告46个分化良好的HCC(平均直径2.3 cm)和24个肝硬化结节的Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI结果,39个(占85%)HCC和14个(占42%)肝硬化结节在肝细胞特异期表现为低信号,7个(占15%)HCC和10个(占42%)肝硬化结节表现为等或高信号。25个(占81%)HCC和3个(占19%)在b-800弥散加权成像(DWI)表现为高信号。认为Gd-EOB-DTPA肝细胞特异期低信号,高b值DWI的结节提示是分化良好的HCC而非良性肝硬化结节。Inoue等[35]回顾性分析了86个HCC和DN,认为Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI诊断<2 cm的多血性HCC的能力明显高于多期增强CT(multi detector CT,MDCT)扫描,Gd-EOBDTPA增强MRI肝细胞特异期发现少血性HCC的敏感性明显高于多期Gd-EOB-DTPA增强MRI和多期增强MDCT扫描,而鉴别DN和少血性HCC较为困难。
2.4Gd-EOB-DTPA在HCC分期中的应用
Gd-EOB-DTPA特别是肝细胞特异期有助于HCC的精确分期。而众多的HCC分期标准主要是以影像学表现为依据,包括肿瘤的大小、数目、位置、形态特征以及与周围结构,尤其是血管的关系,以及淋巴结和血行转移等。根据影像学表现,结合临床、实验室检查,可以进行肿瘤分期分级,以便采取不同的治疗选项。Gd-EOB-DTPA肝细胞特异期在发现病变、界定肿瘤大小等方面明显优于以钆为基础造影剂的MRI多期扫描和动态MDCT扫描。因此,依据Gd-EOB-DTPA特别是肝细胞特异期的HCC分期分级可能更为合理。
3 展望
Gd-EOB-DTPA作为肝胆特异性磁共振对比剂,在肝脏疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断中有重要作用,特别是微小病变的发现与鉴别;此外,由于其大约50%通过肝胆系统分泌排泄,越来越多地应用于胆管疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断,MRI Gd-EOB-DTPA造影有取代诊断性X射线胆管造影的趋势,相信其在肝胆疾病的诊断中会有广阔的应用前景。
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Progress of Gd-EOB-DTPA in diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
YANG Yan, DONG Xin// China Medical Equipment,2016,13(10):137-141.
The liver specific contrast agent gadolinium ethoxybenzyldiethylenetriaminepe ntaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA) is routinely used in clinical magnetic resonance imaging. It combines assessment of tissue perfusion during the vascular phase with hepatocyte specific imaging during the hepatobiliary phase. This combination of imaging properties has been shown to provide excellent results in the detection and differentiation of liver lesions. The enhancement characteristics of Gd-EOB-DTPA in hepatocellular carcinoma, regenerative nodules and degenerated nodules were summarized in this review. Liver cell specific contrast agent can further improve the diagnostic ability.
Hepatocellular carcinoma; Magnetic resonance imaging; Gadolinium ethoxyben zyldiethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid; Contrast agent
10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-8270.2016.10.040
1672-8270(2016)10-0137-05
R735.7
A
2015-12-17
①解放军第309医院放射科 北京 100091
dongxin1963@sina.com
杨艳,女,(1974- ),硕士,副主任医师。解放军第309医院放射科,从事MRI诊断工作。