APP下载

转移性食管癌分子靶向治疗的研究进展

2016-09-03岳杰综述于振涛审校

中国肿瘤临床 2016年4期
关键词:西妥转移性腺癌

岳杰 综述 于振涛 审校



转移性食管癌分子靶向治疗的研究进展

岳杰综述于振涛审校

食管癌是侵袭性较高的消化道恶性肿瘤。尽管外科技术及多学科综合治疗不断发展,食管癌的预后及整体生存仍较差。近年来,新型分子靶向治疗的发展如火如荼。靶向药物以肿瘤相关的信号通路为靶点,阻断下游信号的传导,起到抑制肿瘤细胞生长和转移的作用。目前正式批准的食管癌靶向药物较少,以HER-2抑制剂为代表,主要用于HER-2阳性表达的转移性腺癌。新型制剂的研究尚不广泛,不深入。本文就转移性食管癌新型靶向治疗的研究进展进行综述。

转移性食管癌靶向治疗EGFRHER-2

食管癌是全球范围内发病率位于第8位的常见肿瘤,位居肿瘤致死原因的第6位。2012年,全球新发病例456 000例,死亡病例400 000例[1]。我国为食管癌高发区,根据《2012中国肿瘤登记年报》的报道,食管癌发病率为22.14/10万,居各类恶性肿瘤第5位;死亡率为16.77/10万,居第4位。

食管癌预后差,侵袭性高,确诊时多为晚期肿瘤及转移潜能高决定了食管癌预后差[2]。转移性食管癌的治疗目的主要是控制肿瘤负担,改善症状,进而延长生存。姑息性化疗仍是转移性食管癌的主要治疗方法。分子生物学研究的发展使得新型分子靶向药物用于食管癌的治疗成为可能,为转移性食管癌预后的改善提供了前景。目前关于食管癌靶向治疗的研究较少,本文就其进展进行综述,为转移性食管癌的治疗提供更多的选择。

1 表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)为靶点的药物

EGFR(ErbB-1)是ErbB受体家族成员之一。食管癌中30%~90%的患者存在EGFR过表达[3-4]。目前抗EGFR治疗主要为单克隆抗体,包括西妥昔单抗、帕尼单抗、马妥珠单抗和尼妥珠单抗。

西妥昔单抗是针对EGFR的IgG1单克隆抗体,通过与EGFR胞外部分结合,竞争性阻断其他配体;通过刺激EGFR胞吞作用,降低细胞增殖,抑制血管生成。西妥昔单抗被FDA批准用于对以伊立替康为基础的化疗方案耐药的转移性直肠癌的治疗,或与放疗联合用于头颈部肿瘤的治疗[5]。一项开放的随机对照Ⅲ期试验(EXPAND)评估了西妥昔单抗联合卡培他滨-顺铂方案用于进展期胃或食管胃交接部腺癌的治疗[6]。904例患者平均入组。联合治疗组的无进展生存时间为4.4个月,单纯化疗组为5.6个月,联合西妥昔单抗靶向治疗并未增加化疗的收益。有研究应用西妥昔单抗联合FOLFIRI和FUFOX,总的有效率为40%~69%,生存时间为9.5~17个月[7-10]。西妥昔单抗也被用于转移性食管腺癌的二线治疗,中位生存时间为1.8个月[11]。一项Ⅱ期临床试验,评估西妥昔单抗联合FUFOX化疗治疗转移性食管胃交接部或胃腺癌,有效率65%,生存时间为9.5个月[12]。一项Ⅱ期临床试验,评估西妥昔单抗联合5-FU、顺铂治疗转移性食管胃交接部或胃腺癌,有效率41.2%,生存时间9.0个月[13]。一项Ⅱ期随机对照研究,评估西妥昔单抗联合5-FU、顺铂的有效性,其有效率为19%,中位生存时间为9.5个月[14]。Chen等[15]评估西妥昔单抗联合同步放化疗治疗食管鳞癌的临床疗效,结果显示临床CR率为69%,EGFR过表达者CR率为75%,EGFR低表达或不表达者CR率为61.5%,两组之间差异具有统计学意义(P=0.024)。

尼妥珠单抗是人源化的IgG1单克隆抗体。几项临床试验研究发现尼妥珠单抗联合放疗[16]、化疗[17]或放化疗[18]治疗局部晚期或不可切除食管鳞癌安全、有效。一项尼妥珠单抗联合5-FU和顺铂的临床研究中,19例食管鳞癌患者接受了治疗,16例可评估的患者中有效率为68.4%,取得完全或部分缓解的患者为42.1%[17]。一项Ⅱ期临床试验联合尼妥珠单抗和放疗治疗Ⅱ~Ⅳ期食管鳞癌,42例患者完全缓解、部分缓解和疾病稳定、进展率分别为0、52.4%、40.5%和7.1%,中位生存时间为14个月,2、3年的生存率为33.3%、26.2%[16]。2014年美国临床肿瘤年会上,有研究探索了尼妥珠单抗联合紫杉醇/顺铂在晚期食管鳞癌中作为一线治疗的作用。研究共有56例患者入组,局部晚期患者为29例,转移性食管癌为27例,总体RR为51.8%,DCR为92.9%。局部晚期患者的中位PFS为8.2个月,转移性患者为23个月,转移性患者的中位OS为13.9个月。

帕尼单抗是人源的特异性针对EGFR的单克隆IgG2抗体,被FDA批准用于结肠癌的治疗。来自英国63个中心的开放的随机对照REAL3试验评估了帕尼单抗联合EOX用于转移性食管胃腺癌的治疗,联合治疗组中位生存时间为8.8个月,单纯化疗组中位生存时间为11.3个月,并未显示生存获益[20]。马妥珠单抗也是人源的EGFR单抗。一项研究联合马妥珠单抗与ECX方案用于EGFR表达阳性的转移性EAC的治疗,有效率为65%,中位生存为5.2个月[21]。

2 HER-2为靶点的药物

原癌基因HER-2/neu位于染色体17q,编码跨膜酪氨酸激酶生长因子受体HER-2[22]。研究证实在平均23%的食管癌患者中存在HER-2/neu过表达,与肿瘤转移和较差的预后相关[23]。亦有研究证实在Barrett食管中HER-2的表达与癌变,增加的肿瘤侵袭和淋巴结转移相关[24]。Thompson等[25]评估了89例食管腺癌HER-2/ neu基因扩增及对生存的影响,92%患者显示高水平HER-2/neu扩增,5年生存率为57%,无扩增组5年生存率仅为32%。尽管整体生存时间无显著性差异,但首次将HER-2抑制剂如西妥昔单抗和拉帕替尼应用于转移性食管腺癌的治疗。

曲妥珠单抗为人源IgG1抗体,批准用于HER-2/neu阳性的转移性乳腺癌的治疗[26]。一项研究显示曲妥珠单抗联合化疗治疗转移性食管或胃腺癌,能显著提高整体生存率[27]。TOGA是一项多中心的Ⅲ期随机对照试验,评估曲妥珠单抗联合化疗(卡培他滨联合顺铂或氟尿嘧啶联合顺铂)用于HER-2阳性的食管腺癌或胃癌[28]。594例患者按照1:1随机分别入组单纯化疗组(n= 296)和联合靶向治疗组(n=298)。两组比较,总反应率(47.3%vs.34.5%)及总生存时间(13.8个月vs.11.1个月)具有显著性差异。这些发现提示曲妥珠单抗能作为新的标准治疗用于HER-2阳性表达的转移性食管腺癌或胃癌联合化疗。

拉帕替尼是口服双重TKI,同时阻断HER-2/neu和EGFR[29]。已被FDA批准联合卡培他滨用于HER-2阳性的乳腺癌的治疗。Guo等[30]发现联合拉帕替尼和5-FU显著降低食管癌细胞HER-2和EGFR的磷酸化,抑制下游信号通路的活化。2013年ASCO年会TRIO-013/ LOGiC试验为双盲的随机对照试验,评估了拉帕替尼联合化疗用于转移性食管或食管胃交接部腺癌的安全性和有效性。试验组中位生存时间为12.2个月,对照组10.5个月(P=0.35)。

总之,HER-2单克隆抗体应用于临床,证实可以改善HER-2阳性表达的食管腺癌的总体生存。在转移性食管癌中,HER-2/neu基因的过表达及其与预后和生存的相关性,打开了进一步临床试验的大门。这些试验将评估抗HER-2抗体作为新的靶向治疗药物并应用于转移性食管癌,以改善总体生存质量,提高有效率。

3 小结与展望

多数食管癌患者就诊时已属于中晚期,严重影响长期生存质量。尽管治疗模式不断发展,进展期食管癌的预后并未获得显著改善。多数研究局限于小样本、单中心,多中心、大样本的随机对照研究值得期待,以验证这些靶向药物的临床疗效。总之,分子生物学的研究将有助于更好地理解食管癌发生发展,进而改善食管癌的治疗策略,以期改善进展期食管癌的预后。

[1]Ferlay J,Soerjomataram I,Dikshit R,et al.Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide:sources,methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012[J].Int J Cancer,2015,136(5):e359-386.

[2]Pennathur A,Gibson MK,Jobe BA,et al.Oesophageal carcinoma[J]. Lancet,2013,381(9864):400-412.

[3]Yonemura Y,Sugiyama K,Fujimura T,et al.Epidermal growth factor receptor status and S-phase fractions in gastric carcinoma[J].Oncology,1989,46(3):158-161.

[4]Kim JS,Kim MA,Kim TM,et al.Biomarker analysis in stageⅢ-Ⅳ(M0)gastric cancer patients who received curative surgery followed by adjuvant 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin chemotherapy:epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)associated with favourable survival[J].Br J Cancer,2009,100(5):732-738.

[5]Bonner JA,Harari PM,Giralt J,et al.Radiotherapy plus cetuximab for squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck[J].N Engl J Med,2006,354(6):567-578.

[6]Lordick F,Kang YK,Chung HC,et al.Capecitabine and cisplatin with or without cetuximab for patients with previously untreated advanced gastric cancer(EXPAND):a randomised,open-label phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol,2013,14(6):490-499.

[7]Han SW,Oh DY,Im SA,et al.Phase II study and biomarker analysis of cetuximab combined with modified FOLFOX6 in advanced gastric cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2009,100(2):298-304.

[8]Janmaat ML,Gallegos-Ruiz MI,Rodriguez JA,et al.Predictive factors for outcome in a phase II study of gefitinib in second-line treatment of advanced esophageal cancer patients[J].J Clin Oncol,2006,24(10):1612-1619.

[9]Pinto C,Di Fabio F,Siena S,et al.Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with FOLFIRI in patients with untreated advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma(FOLCETUX study)[J]. Ann Oncol,2007,18(3):510-517.

[10]Moehler M,Mueller A,Trarbach T,et al.Cetuximab with irinotecan,folinic acid and 5-fluorouracil as first-line treatment in advanced gastroesophageal cancer:a prospective multi-center biomarker-oriented phase II study[J].Ann Oncol,2011,22(6):1358-1366.

[11]Gold PJ,Goldman B,Iqbal S,et al.Cetuximab as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic esophageal adenocarcinoma:a phase II Southwest Oncology Group Study(S0415)[J].J Thorac Oncol,2010,5 (9):1472-1476.

[12]Lordick F,Luber B,Lorenzen S,et al.Cetuximab plus oxaliplatin/leucovorin/5-fluorouracil in first-line metastatic gastric cancer:a phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie(AIO)[J]. Br J Cancer,2010,102(3):500-505.

[13]Pinto C,Di Fabio F,Barone C,et al.Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with cisplatin and docetaxel in patients with untreated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (DOCETUX study)[J].Br J Cancer,2009,101(8):1261-1268.

[14]Lorenzen S,Schuster T,Porschen R,et al.Cetuximab plus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil versus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil alone in first-line metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:a randomized phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(10):1667-1673.

[15]Chen Y,Wu X,Bu S,et al.Promising outcomes of definitive chemoradiation and cetuximab for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Science,2012,103(11):1979-1984.

[16]Liang J,E M,Wu G,et al.Nimotuzumab combined with radiotherapy for esophageal cancer:preliminary study of a phase II clinical trial[J]. Onco Targets Ther,2013,6:1589-1596.

[17]YangL,JiaCh,MinT,et al.Apilot study of nimotuzumabcombinedwith cisplatin and 5-FU in patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].J Thorac Dis,2011,4:58-62.

[18]Zhao KL,Hu XC,Wu XH,et al.A phase I dose escalation study of Nimotuzumab in combination with concurrent chemoradiation for patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus [J].Invest New Drugs,2012,30(4):1585-1590.

[19]Lorenzen S,Schuster T,Porschen R,et al.Cetuximab plus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil versus cisplatin-5-fluorouracil alone in first-line metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus:a randomized phase II study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Internistische Onkologie[J].Ann Oncol,2009,20(10):1667-1673.

[20]Waddell T,Chau I,Cunningham D,et al.Epirubicin,oxaliplatin,and capecitabine with or without panitumumab for patients with previously untreated advanced oesophagogastric cancer(REAL3):a randomised,open-label phase 3 trial[J].Lancet Oncol,2013,14(6):481-489.

[21]Rao S,Starling N,Cunningham D,et al.Phase I study of epirubicin,cisplatin and capecitabine plus matuzumab in previously untreated patients with advanced oesophagogastric cancer[J].Br J Cancer,2008,99(6):868-874.

[22]Ross JS,Sheehan CE,Fletcher JA.HER-2/neu oncogene amplification determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization[J].Methods Mol Med,2001,49:93-104.

[23]Ross JS,McKenna BJ.The HER-2/neu oncogene in tumors of the gastrointestinal tract[J].Cancer Invest,2001,19(5):554-568.

[24]Rossi E,Grisanti S,Villanacci V,et al.HER-2 overexpression/amplification in Barrett's oesophagus predicts early transition from dysplasia to adenocarcinoma:a clinico-pathologic study[J].J Cell Mol Med,2009,13(9B):3826-3833.

[25]ThompsonSK,SullivanTR,Davies R,et al.HER-2/neugeneamplification in esophageal adenocarcinoma and its influence on survival[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2011,18(7):2010-2017.

[26]Baselga J,Tripathy D,Mendelsohn J,et al.Phase II study of weekly intravenous recombinant humanized anti-p185HER-2 monoclonal antibody in patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer[J].J Clin Oncol,1996,14(3):737-744.

[27]Sawaki A,Ohashi Y,Omuro Y,et al.Efficacy of trastuzumab in Japanese patients with HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer:a subgroup analysis of the trastuzumab for gastric cancer(ToGA)study[J].Gastric Cancer,2012,15(3):313-322.

[28]Bang YJ,Van Cutsem E,Feyereislova A,et al.Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer(ToGA):a phase 3,open-label,randomised controlled trial[J]. Lancet,2010,376(9742):687-697.

[29]Higa GM,Abraham J.Lapatinib in the treatment of breast cancer[J]. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther,2007,7(9):1183-1192.

[30]Guo XF,Zhu XF,Zhong GS,et al.Lapatinib,a dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER-2,has synergistic effects with 5-fluorouracil on esophageal carcinoma[J].Oncol Rep,2012,27(5):1639-1645.

(2015-12-05收稿)(2016-01-20修回)

岳杰专业方向为胸部肿瘤的外科诊治与基础研究。

E-mail:yjofnk@qq.com

Research progress on molecular targeted therapy for metastatic esophageal cancer patients

Jie YUE,Zhentao YU
Correspondence to:Zhentao YU;E-mail:yuzhtao@hotmail.com
Department of Esophageal Tumor,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center for Cancer,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy,Tianjin 300060,China

Esophageal cancer is a highly aggressive malignant tumor of the digestive tract.Despite the continuous development of surgical techniques and multidisciplinary treatments,the prognosis and overall survival of esophageal cancer patients is still poor.In recent years,the development of new molecular targeted therapy has become well advanced.Drugs that target tumor-related signal pathways and block the transmission of downstream signals can inhibit the growth and metastasis of tumor cells.Currently,esophageal cancer-targeted drugs are rarely approved officially.HER-2 inhibitor represents these types of drugs because of its positive expression of metastatic adenocarcinoma.However,studies on the preparation of new drugs are not extensive.In this paper,the research progress of a new targeted therapy for metastatic esophageal cancer is reviewed.

metastatic esophageal cancer,molecular targeted therapy,EGFR,HER-2

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.2016.04.333

天津市肿瘤医院食管肿瘤科,国家肿瘤临床研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室(天津市300060)

于振涛yuzhtao@hotmail.com

猜你喜欢

西妥转移性腺癌
SPECT/CT显像用于诊断转移性骨肿瘤的临床价值
十二指肠腺癌88例临床特征及相关预后因素
EPHA2抗体对结直肠癌西妥昔单抗耐药的逆转作用
ADC直方图分析在颈部淋巴结转移性鳞癌鉴别诊断中的价值
西妥昔单抗在转移性结直肠癌一线治疗后的后续应用研究进展
超声引导下射频消融治疗甲状腺乳头状癌转移性淋巴结的疗效及安全性
益肺解毒方联合顺铂对人肺腺癌A549细胞的影响
西妥昔单抗联合铂类化疗对人喉鳞癌Hep-2细胞裸鼠移植瘤COX-2及MMP-7的影响*
西妥昔单抗在非小细胞肺癌中的应用进展
小鼠早期肺腺癌模型的建立