油橄榄橄榄苦苷的研究进展
2016-07-03吴遵秋
吴遵秋,吴 宁
(贵州医科大学基础医学院,贵州贵阳550025)
油橄榄橄榄苦苷的研究进展
吴遵秋,吴 宁*
(贵州医科大学基础医学院,贵州贵阳550025)
橄榄苦苷具有重要的生物学活性。从油橄榄橄榄苦苷的提取方法、稳定性、含量变化及其影响因素、可能的代谢途径及生物活性等方面对国内外相关研究进行综述,旨在为橄榄苦苷的进一步深入研究及综合开发利用提供参考。
油橄榄;橄榄苦苷;提取分离;含量;代谢途径;生物活性
油橄榄(Olea europaea L.)在地中海地区有着巨大的经济价值和社会意义,种植面积约有800万hm2,占世界总产量的98%(约11万t)[1]。中国油橄榄正处于发展期,有近2.5万hm2种植基地(陇南2万多hm2,西昌0.33万hm2)。大量研究显示,油橄榄中的不饱和脂肪酸和丰富的活性酚类物质[2-10]对人体健康有益且易被吸收[11-12];橄榄苦苷(Oleuropein)是一种天然的生物活性资源,因其含量高并具有强抗氧化和抑菌等生物学功能,在医药领域、食品工业和化妆品行业等具有高度可应用性而备受关注。橄榄苦苷分布于整株油橄榄树[13],但不同部位的含量差异很大。其中,叶中含量最高,油橄榄果其次[1415]。尽管当前橄榄油产业得到很好的发展,但大规模修剪的枝叶并未得到合理利用,大多被废弃或作动物饲料等[16-18],造成资源浪费。为此,笔者从橄榄苦苷的提取方法、稳定性、含量变化及其影响因素、可能代谢途径及生物活性等方面对国内外油橄榄橄榄苦苷的相关研究进行总结,旨在为油橄榄及其橄榄苦苷的进一步深入研究及综合开发利用提供参考。
1 橄榄苦苷的提取
1.1 橄榄苦苷常用的提取方法
橄榄苦苷是一种苯酚类裂环环烯醚萜苷化合物,广泛存在于木樨科木樨榄属、女贞属和茉莉属等植物,目前已从20多种木樨科植物中分离出橄榄苦苷[19]。油橄榄中的橄榄苦苷于1908年被发现[20],1957年提取并测定含量,1960年确定其化学结构(图1[21]),1974年测得其核磁数据[22]。
油橄榄果主要用于榨油,油橄榄中橄榄苦苷的提取主要来自于油橄榄叶。文献报道的橄榄苦苷的提取方法有浸提法(热浸提法和冷浸提法)、超声波辅助提取法、低温减压沸腾提取法、微波辅助提取法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法、分散液-液微萃取法、超声波辅助与低压组合的提取方法和过热液体提取法等(表)。超声波辅助与低压组合被认为是最有效最重要的天然产物提取法[23]。低温减压沸腾法与索氏提取法、超声辅助提取法、冷浸提法比较,具有时间短且效率高等优点[24]。Japón-Lujá等[25]采用超声波辅助提取与HPLC-DAD结合分离出不同酚类物质单体,通过气相色谱-质谱法(GC-MS)分析并鉴定每1个单体,避免了多次纯化和富集,但仪器设备要求较高。葡聚糖凝胶(Sephadex)LH-20提纯橄榄苦苷的纯度达82.19%[26];AB-8树脂[27]和膜分离技术[28]也被用于橄榄苦苷的提纯,其中,膜分离技术根据膜孔径大小特征,采用分子截留手段将植物药用成分截留为具有某一相对分子质量区段的多种成分的原理进行橄榄苦苷分离,既简化生产过程又降低对环境的污染。傅珊等[29]分析6种不同大孔树脂对橄榄苦苷的吸附性发现,D101大孔吸附树脂吸附性最佳,纯度达55%,经葡聚糖凝胶纯化达76%以上,并建立其最佳吸附条件。王成章等[30]以60%乙醇-水溶液作为提取溶剂,70℃水浴热提取,经硅胶纯化得纯度95%以上的橄榄苦苷单体。
表 橄榄苦苷常用提取方法Table Common extraction methods of oleuropein
图1 橄榄苦苷及苦苷苷元的分子结构Fig.1 Molecular structures of oleuropein and oleuropein aglycone
1.2 油橄榄叶的最佳处理方式
党建章等[31]研究认为,油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷提取效率受许多因素影响,如叶子的处理方式、提取方法、提取时间、粉碎颗粒大小、提取试剂、试剂用量和提取温度等,不同提取方法上述影响因子处于不同的影响地位。油橄榄叶中提取橄榄苦苷的一个首要和必经步骤是油橄榄叶的处理。经干燥处理的油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷含量高于鲜叶,烘干或室温自然阴干比冷冻干燥处理更好[38],自然阴干比烘干对橄榄苦苷更有利[33],但时间长。因此,选择在40~60℃,空度流速为0.5~1.5m/s处理油橄榄叶最佳[39]。干燥不仅是为减少油橄榄叶水分、有利储存,还可以提高其营养和功能价值。众所周知,微波和红外干燥对维持食品的质量较好[40-41],红外处理可以维持油橄榄叶的绿色和提高油橄榄叶亮度,而空气干燥能够提高油橄榄叶总酚含量[42]。Delgado-Pertíez M等[43]研究发现,以油橄榄叶作为动物饲料在室温阴凉处最多放置7d,对油橄榄叶营养价值的影响甚小。因此,工业生产和实际应用中选择适宜的油橄榄叶干燥处理方式是不容忽视的重要内容。
1.3 橄榄苦苷的稳定性
橄榄苦苷易受温度影响,油橄榄叶的干燥处理、橄榄苦苷提取过程和提取后的存放尤其需要考虑稳定性。Malik N S等[44]研究发现,室温(25℃)下油橄榄鲜叶自然干燥能保持橄榄苦苷的原水平,60℃干燥橄榄苦苷含量有所降低;经解冻的油橄榄叶提取的橄榄苦苷含量降低57.7%,且53.5%的橄榄苦苷有效成分被破坏。橄榄苦苷水提物有效成分室温下在7d内保持相对稳定,但是17d后降解加快,27d时降解率达95.24%;4℃条件下,27d的降解率为38.1%。而甲醇提取的橄榄苦苷在室温下能相对稳定保存30d,80%甲醇提取物的稳定效果最佳。谢普军等[45]研究发现,橄榄苦苷对温度敏感而对光较稳定,在碱性环境中比酸性环境中更易降解,pH 14时橄榄苦苷全部降解。因此,选择甲醇或乙醇等有机溶剂提取橄榄苦苷较好;橄榄苦苷提取液适宜放置在阴凉(4℃)避光处,最好不要超过7d,选择现配现用为佳。
2 油橄榄中橄榄苦苷含量的测定及其变化
2.1 橄榄苦苷含量的测定方法
目前测定橄榄苦苷含量的方法常采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC),检测波长为230nm或280nm。李辰等[46]建立了UV-Vis光谱差减法,即是通过AlCl3(A415nm)和NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH(A510nm)2个显色体系进行紫外可见光分析,然后换算出橄榄苦苷含量。此法简单、方便,较HPLC法相对误差δ<4.0%,且能同时测出总黄酮含量。此外,中红外光谱技术结合化学计量学分析也能快速估计油橄榄中橄榄苦苷含量[47]。
2.2 油橄榄橄榄苦苷的含量及其变化
2.2.1 橄榄苦苷的含量变化及其影响因素 受内在因素和外在因素影响油橄榄橄榄苦苷含量在0%~19%波动[33,48-49]。其中,内在因素包括油橄榄品种、树龄、营养生长、花芽分化、开花、坐果、果实发育(绿色-紫红色-黑色)和叶子颜色变化等;外在因素包括不同采集时期、定量测定的方法、地区、季节及气候(温度、降雨量和土壤成分)等。
不同油橄榄品种间橄榄苦苷含量差异大,随着树龄的增加橄榄苦苷含量增加[33]。同一品种在不同地区橄榄苦苷含量也存在差异,不同季节和气候影响着油橄榄的休眠、花芽分化、开花、坐果以及果实的成熟,不同生长阶段各组织间含量不同[50]。各组织间橄榄苦苷含量依次为营养芽(58.36mg/g)>果径2~3mm果实(50.82mg/g)>果径5~7mm果实(40.7mg/g)>未成熟叶片(38.13mg/g)>成熟叶片(34.07mg/g)>完全盛开的花朵(20.99mg/g)>花蕾(15.7mg/g)>果径10~13mm的绿色成熟果实(13.65mg/g)>变黑成熟果实(0mg/g)。其中,营养芽的含量最高,果实中橄榄苦苷从果实形成到完全成熟含量处于持续下降状态并逐渐趋近0,这是因为其他物质的合成和形成橄榄苦苷的主要骨架物质—油苷的减少所致[51]。油橄榄叶从未成熟到成熟其橄榄苦苷含量呈下降趋势[52-56]。总体而言,虽然每年油橄榄叶中橄榄苦苷含量在同一采摘时期可能不同,但是总的变化趋势不变,即2月和5月含量较高,在4月和11月含量较低[33]。在油橄榄果生长过程中橄榄苦苷含量变化有非常明显的3个阶段[55]:1)花芽到果实形成,橄榄苦苷的积累阶段;2)绿色果实生长,橄榄苦苷含量开始降低阶段;3)果实变成紫黑色成熟,橄榄苦苷含量继续降低阶段。
2.2.2 橄榄苦苷可能的代谢途径 橄榄苦苷是由羟基酪醇和油苷(Oleosidic)骨架形成的裂环烯醚萜苷化合物(图2)[14]。目前有关油橄榄橄榄苦苷代谢途径的研究较少,Damtoft等[57]初步探索得出一个可能的代谢途径(图3)。橄榄苦苷的代谢途径与龙胆目和山茱萸目的烯醚萜类类似,这些碳骨架通过甲羟戊酸衍生,香叶醇(Geraniol)、10-羟基香叶醇(10-hydroxygeraniol)、羟基橙花醇(10-hydroxynerol)和环烯醚萜(Iridoidal)为马钱苷或马钱素(Loganin)合成的前体。去氧马钱苷酸(Deoxyloganic acid)、马钱酸(7-epiloganic acid)和马钱苷酸(Loganic acid)参与女贞苷(Ligustroside)的形成,女贞苷是橄榄苦苷直接的合成前体,7-酮基马钱苷酸(7-ketologanic acid)是中间物。由于植物品种和生长季节不同,形成去氧马钱苷酸和7-酮基马钱苷酸之间的步骤顺序可能不同。在木犀科植物中裂环马钱苷(Secologanin)和裂环氧化马钱苷(Secoxyloganin)的环氧化物都可能是橄榄苦苷合成的前体[57-58]。
橄榄苦苷的降解可能有2个途径[59]:1)通过具体的内源性酯酶作用,橄榄苦苷分裂为橄香酸和去甲基橄榄苦苷;2)β-葡萄糖苷酶被活化,分解橄榄苦苷产生苷元。Tan H W等[60-62]研究发现,正常人口服橄榄苦苷,55%~60%能够快速吸收,且2h后在血浆中能够达最大浓度,并在尿液中发现羟基酪醇和酪醇。Lin P等[63]运用LC-MS/MS方法测到小鼠口服的橄榄苦苷在胃、肠道被吸收后进入血液,并分析出橄榄苦苷经糖基化、水解、氧化和甲基化形成一系列代谢产物;该方法已成功应用于橄榄苦苷在大鼠粪便和尿液代谢物的同时测定。
图2 油橄榄主要油苷类物质的结构Fig.2 Main structures of oleosidic matters in olive
图3 油橄榄橄榄苦苷的可能代谢途径Fig.3 Possible metabolic pathway for oleuropein in olive
3 生物活性
3.1 药理活性
有关橄榄苦苷活性方面的研究主要涉及人类健康和医药治疗,尤其是药理活性的研究很多,如,修护受损细胞[64]。研究发现,其药理活性主要表现在对高脂饮食诱导的脂肪肝具有保护作用[65],可降低血脂、血糖,预防和控制糖尿病[66-68];具有止痛、消炎和镇定作用[69-70];抑制血小板凝聚[71];抗肿瘤、抗结肠癌、抑制乳腺癌细胞和甲状腺癌细胞增生[72-75],抑制和预防4-NQO诱导的老鼠舌癌[76];诱导mRNA的表达[77];抗病毒如对艾滋病中HIV-1的抑制作用[78]及抑菌作用[79-80];预防心脑血管疾病脑和神经保护作用[67,81];预防吲哚美辛诱导性胃溃疡[82]等。目前国内对橄榄苦苷的药理活性研究甚少。
3.2 体外抗氧化活性
当前对橄榄苦苷体外抗氧化活性多采用DPPH、ABTS或FRAP等单一方法评价[83-87]。研究发现:500μmol/L橄榄苦苷对亚硝酸盐的清除能力为72.7%,50μmol/L橄榄苦苷对DPPH的清除能力为55.0%[88];1.2mg/mL橄榄苦苷对亚铁离子的螯合率为20%[45]。橄榄苦苷清除·O2-、H2O2、NO和ONOO-的半抑制浓度IC50分别为(21.1±1.3)μmol/L、(46.3±16.8)μmol/L、(1.6±0.2)μmol/L和(11.0±4.5)μmol/L,对HOCl没有清除能力[89]。橄榄苦苷的抗氧化能力强于BHT[90],主要是因为橄榄苦苷具有羟基邻位二取代的稳定结构[5]。油橄榄中单个酚和多个单酚混合物的抗氧化活性均很强,且混合物的抑菌活性明显强于单个酚[88]。
3.3 抑菌活性
在美国每年有1万多人死于细菌耐药。随着抗生素对病原菌抑菌活性的失效,以及天然药物无害观念的普及,使得寻求新的天然的有强抑菌活性的物质成为焦点。橄榄苦苷是油橄榄中具有重要抑菌活性的酚类物质之一[79,91]。油橄榄中的酚类物质能抑制蜡样芽孢杆菌的孢子萌发和延缓孢子的生长[92],对幽门螺杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和空肠弯曲菌等有很好的抑菌活性[93]。Hayouni等[94]分析油橄榄果不同溶剂(丙酮、氯仿和乙酸乙酯)提取物及其混合物的抑菌活性发现,混合物的抑菌活性更高。油橄榄中酚类物质的性质不受人体细胞产生毒素的影响[95-96],这对橄榄苦苷在人体内充分发挥其活性功能是优势。Juven B等[97]研究发现,油橄榄叶的乙酸乙酯提取物含有橄榄苦苷和苷元,具有很好的抑菌活性;橄榄苦苷能够抑制白地霉、根霉和立枯丝核菌的生长。Tranter H等[98]报道,橄榄苦苷能延缓在添加有生长因子和葡萄糖的新西兰胺和脑心浸液培养基中(NZA+和BHI+)的金黄色葡萄球菌的生长。Tassou C等[99]报道,橄榄苦苷能抑制肠炎沙门氏菌生长。Bisignano G等[82]报道,橄榄苦苷对流感嗜血杆菌最低抑菌浓度MIC>0.5mg/mL,对卡他莫拉菌MIC>0.5mg/mL,沙门氏菌MIC 为0.125~0.250mg/mL,副溶血性弧菌、溶藻弧菌和霍乱弧菌MIC均为0.125mg/mL。吴遵秋等[100]研究发现,橄榄苦苷具有延缓大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的对数生长期,对3种细菌的MIC分别为0.025mg/mL、0.05mg/mL和0.4mg/mL。Furneri等[101]进行了橄榄苦苷对发酵支原体、肺炎支原体和人型支原体的抑菌活性分析。Casas-Sanchez[102]初步分析橄榄苦苷与生物膜之间的相互作用认为,酚类和抗氧化物能够延缓或抑制芽孢的形成,通过破坏细菌的细胞壁使其失去保护,穿透细菌的细胞膜导致细胞膜损害和破裂,从而达到抑菌细菌的生长。
4 展望
我国油橄榄栽培研究起步较晚,在很大程度上限制了对油橄榄的研究。当前对油橄榄及其橄榄苦苷相关报道很少,很多问题有待解决,因而其研究具有较大的发展空间。如,1年中油橄榄叶橄榄苦苷的含量变化规律及其与其他酚类物质的变化规律是否一致,这些规律与季节气候的关系,与油橄榄果发育成熟的关系,引起这些变化或规律的原因和机理,弄清楚这些关系将为橄榄叶采集和橄榄果采收的工业生产提供实践指导,并有利于探索橄榄苦苷代谢途径以及与油橄榄中其他酚类物质代谢的关系。同时,弄清楚橄榄苦苷的代谢途径及其关键步骤和关键酶很有价值,将为其分子水平的研究及实现工业化生产橄榄苦苷提供理论基础。橄榄苦苷活性机理并未得到深入的研究,其生物活性以及与其他酚类物质混合物的生物活性有待进行综合评价。只有充分了解橄榄苦苷的活性机理才能更好地应用和探究新的以天然活性物为基础合成的更有效的超活性物质,将橄榄苦苷应用于其他方面并充分扩展和发掘出橄榄苦苷的功能,为人类所利用。
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(责任编辑:王 海)
Research Progress of Oleuropein from Olive
WU Zunqiu,WU Ning*
(Basic Medical Science,Guizhou Medcial University,Guiyang,Guizhou550025,China)
Oleuropein has important biological activities.In this paper,the extraction methods,stability,content changes and its influencing factors,the metabolic pathways and biological activities of oleuropein from domestic and foreign were reviewed.The aim was to provide references for further research and comprehensive development and utilization of oleuropein.
olive;oleuropein;extraction and separation;content;metabolic pathway;biological activities
S667.5;Q946.83
A
1001-3601(2016)08-0347-0087-07
2015-10-08;2016-07-01修回
吴遵秋(1988-),女,助教,硕士,从事生物化学的教学与研究。E-mail:wuzunqiu1988@126.com
*通讯作者:吴 宁(1974-),女,副教授,硕士,从事生物化学的教学与研究。E-mail:guizhouwuning@163.com