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是中央控制,还是地方独立——政治影响下的财政分权检验

2016-06-01陈志广南京大学政府管理学院江苏南京210023

当代经济科学 2016年1期
关键词:中央委员分权影响力

陈志广(南京大学政府管理学院,江苏南京210023)

是中央控制,还是地方独立——政治影响下的财政分权检验

陈志广
(南京大学政府管理学院,江苏南京210023)

摘要:本文以收入、支出、自主三种财政分权指标为因变量,引入来源于中央委员的地区政治影响力指标,考察了我国还极少研究的财政分权决定因素。政治影响力对财政分权发挥直接的负向作用,这表明中央借助中央委员的政治权力影响,使财政资源向中央集中。政治影响力对行政政府和行政官员发挥间接型的正向调节作用,这表明行政力量在关联政治权力的激励和保障下,能够为地方攫取到更多财政资源。这些证据表明,推进财政等分权改革,优化中央—地方关系,不能忽视深层次的政治、行政体制改革。

关键词:财政分权;财政自主;政治影响力;中央—地方关系;中央委员;行政力量

一、引言与文献回顾

财政分权是中国学术界的热点议题,其影响效果为大量文献所探讨,但本身决定因素的研究却屈指可数。财政分权是政治经济系统内生的,来源决定效果,所以其本身决定因素的研究也影响其效果研究的有效性。而且最令人着迷的研究课题是,中国与世界上其他国家不同,其在不断调整财政分权的同时,始终都保持着政治上的集权,那政治集权是否影响财政分权,如何影响?下面,本文即尝试从政治角度来考察中国财政分权的决定因素。与已有的研究相比,本文的贡献是引入了一种来源于中国共产党中央委员会、包含等级权力和关系网络内容的政治影响力指标,并证实其多种作用。中国是一个权力型社会,中国共产党在各种政治经济生活中发挥着举足轻重的作用,所以本文研究对于把握中国其他各种政治经济规律同样具有重要价值。

不仅在国内,即使在国外,财政分权决定因素的定量研究都极少[1]。其中大部分是适用Oates等传统分权理论的研究,专门检验规模经济和异质性等因素、以及国民收入和城镇化等常见变量的影响[2-11]。传统分权理论认为,地方分权单位的优势是接近选民,了解选民的偏好,因而容易为地方选民提供差异化的公共服务,而且分权促成了不同地方和不同层级间的政府竞争,有利于约束各级政府的不当膨胀,激励他们为选民提供更多、更好的公共服务。不过地方分权单位的不足是,难以充分利用规模经济、外部经济等好处,也加大了协调、合作等成本。所以综合而言,合理的分权水平是以上这些成本、收益的权衡[12]。

对于传统分权理论,Besley和Coate提出尖锐批评:异质性和规模经济、外部经济等既非分权的充分条件,亦非必要条件,因为中央政府同样可以提供差异化的公共服务,地方政府同样可以通过市场购买等手段规避规模不经济和外部不经济。所以他们认为,只有在政治经济学的框架内,分权才可能得到圆满解答[13]。不过,政治经济学在理论研究上固然可以构造各种精致的分权模型,但到经验研究上,操作起来并不容易。这是由于政治因素很难被精确量化,同时在国家内,很多政治因素在样本间和时间上又不具有明显的差异性,而到国家间,大部分政治制度及文化又具有实质的差异性,所以相关研究的成果更显珍稀,现在可见的还主要停留在赋值法、特别是哑变量的层次上。国内王安和魏建检验过省委常委的交流比例,其负向作用于收入分权,但正向作用于支出分权。他们认为,前者是因为异地官员难以被本地精英俘虏,更多地代表了中央的意愿,因而地方向中央贡献更多资源,后者是因为异地官员可以凭借人脉关系等为本地带来中央补助等资源,所以地方支出得到扩张[3]。国外研究检验过的政治因素包括:公民直接投票[14]、公民动议[15]和一般的民主等[6,11],都被证实对分权有正向作用,这些是普通居民等社会力量相信自己能够更加有效地控制本地政府,故提出更多、更高的公共服务要求,相应地带来地方政府扩张。国家和地区领导人存在重要影响,美国拥有否决权的州长倾向于将地方支出集中到州层面上[16],拉美各国分权程度取决于总统与州长之间的权力对比[17],这些是领导人自我逐利的结果,他们通过对政治权力的杠杆性运用,为己方攫取到更多财政资源,这样可以为自己拉到更多的政治支持;在基本的制度层面上,联邦制的国家形式[6,17]、普通法的法律渊源[6],也被证实倾向于提高分权程度。由于政治制度和结构的巨大差异,国外研究及变量不能直接适用于中国,但一些基本规律应该会相通。比如所引文献共同的解释是:在政府—社会间、政府间关系中,谁在相对意义上有权,谁就可以使资金配置有利于自己。

二、中央—地方关系模型

在现有条件下,中国能够捕捉、也适于进行经验研究的政治因素是高级领导——中央委员的权力影响。中央委员均相对完整地公开履历信息,且委员会内部存在明显的中央、地方和等级等区分,所以中央、地方间的权力差异容易被捕捉到。但复杂的是,中央委员具有多重身份,权力来源和负责对象并不清晰①在前面所引的拉美研究中,中央领导来源于全国选举,地方领导来源于地方选举,权力来源和负责对象相对清晰,因而领导人的目标和行为容易预测[17]。。比如一般为中央委员的省委书记和省长:一方面,他们的权力有部分是来源于地方,至少在名义上,他们当选是因为地方首长的身份,所以他们是地方的“代表”,应该服务于地方;但另一方面,他们又不是由地方直选产生,实际上是由上级任命,所以他们又是“中央”的委员,是中央在地方的代理者,甚至是“管家”,理应向中央负责。这就带来疑惑:中央委员究竟是维护中央利益,还是追逐地方利益?中央委员会究竟是中央控制地方的制度形式,还是地方影响国家的政策舞台?中央委员究竟是尽可能维持中央对权力的集中,还是不断促成向地方放权?中央委员的多重身份、多种行为、不同影响,实质是中央—地方关系在政治经济维度上的表现,而在相关研究中,政治经济学的解释性模型可以被简单归类为中央控制和地方独立两种[18]。

中央控制模型强调中央在政府间关系中的主导性地位,认为中央政府独立自主于地方、部门、社会集团等各种专门“领地”,能够抵制违背中央目标的各种狭隘性利益。而中央委员,特别是省委书记、省长等地方大员,正是中央控制地方的关键环节。邓小平说过,“中央的话不听,国务院的话不听,这不行。……对于不听中央、国务院的话的,处理要坚决,可以先打招呼,不行就调人换头头”[19]。面对强大的等级体系,中央委员的个体力量总是微弱,所以不能明目张胆地损害中央利益,而且在等级体系内部,等级虽然限制行动者行动,但也赋予行动者价值。省长等的主要价值,源于他们是等级体系的一份子,他们的定位就是相对于中央的“臣属”和相对于地方的“统治者”,为中央而管理地方。贯彻执行中央政策是制度赋予他们的根本任务,能否维护中央利益是组织评估他们的基本标准,特别是部分委员如果想在等级上更上一层楼,那高标准地完成中央任务更是必须要显示的价值信号。相反,省长等如果没有中央委员等在等级体系中的“位子”和“名号”,那他们的政治价值就大打折扣,中央政策的贯彻执行不需要他们,他们能够为地方所用的权力和关系资源也迅速贬值,甚至是由于政治斗争和管理需要等考虑,他们遗留的政治影响还要被迅速清除。因此,出于自我利益的考虑,当然也是受到等级制度的约束,中央委员的基本职责是维护中央利益,当地方与中央发生冲突时,压制、牺牲地方利益是他们的可行选择。

中央能够通过中央委员控制地方,有赖于其拥有的一系列政策工具。最重要的还是对人事的控制,从中央委员延伸到下面所有级别的官员,一些学者甚至认为这是中国分权改革能够成功的基础[20]。中国实行“党管干部”的人事制度管理原则,中央依托于党的组织部门,借助于层级原则,即下级党政机关主要官员的任免、考核、交流和监督受上级党政机关控制,实现对地方各级官员的支配和激励。其中突出的如“提名清单”制度①提名清单(nomenklatura)源于对前苏联和东欧等国家的研究,意指由党的机构行使任命权的主要职务清单。,它决定了中国私营部门以外所有精英的职业升迁,进入不了由上级党组织提名的清单,精英在系统内的晋升也就中止。像省委书记、省长等关键领导,由政治局、乃至常务委员会提名,其他省部级领导也必须首先进入向中央委员会报告的清单,以下级别的官员则再按照等级原则类推[21]。除了人事,财政也是中央控制地方的一般性工具。中国自1994年后在财政收入上实行分税制,但地方对于税基和税率没有决定权,且量大、容易征收的税收都已经属于中央税或者中央地方分享税,地方税只能集中于量小、难以征收的税种。参见后面表2的财政自主指标,绝大多数省份都不能做到财政自给自足,所以地方政府的职责履行有赖于大量中央补助的发放。特别是很多基层政府,连基本运转都离不开补助,一些基层政府甚至是每个月都在巴望着上级赶快下拨补助,好发放职员的基本工资,乃至是以往欠薪[22]。与地方财政处处捉襟见肘形成鲜明对比的是中央,其依托于国税系统和补助配置部门的组织优势,却已经拥有越来越丰富的财政控制工具,比如税收分享、税收返回、

专项补助等的拨付时间、项目类别和附加性条件等,可用来灵活应对不同地方的不同履责状况[23]。最后在土地、能源、环境等事项上,随着我国发展的深入,地方面临的约束也是越来越紧张,中央则加强了对这些资源的控制,因此,地方需要打点好与中央的关系,才可能争取到这些支撑发展的关键资源[24]。

与中央控制模型相反,地方独立模型强调地方政府的相对独立地位,认为地方利益可以影响国家政策制定,中央政策只是地方、部门等各种狭隘性利益的呈现。像中央委员会正是地方影响中央政策的核心渠道,地方整体在委员会内是最具有实力的集团,正式委员名额一般占到总数的三到五成左右,候补委员的比重更高[18]。中央、地方的混合身份使得委员个人面临两种选择。其一是站在中央一边,好处是保持自己在等级体系内的位置,甚至获得晋升。不过委员身份被褫夺是极其罕见的事件,除非发生极其严重的政治错误,晋升也只有10%左右的概率,且还有年龄等规则限制,所以绝大多数委员在政治系统内已经达到人生的顶峰。其二是站在地方一边,这样做的好处主要是在等级外,比如巩固扩张关系网络,实现“为官一任、造福一方”的夙愿,博取社会荣誉,等等。权衡两类选择的好处,大部分中央委员都会以不突破中央底线为约束,以追求地方利益为目标②值得注意的是,随着分权的推进,地方上的利益量越来越巨大,所以一些官员甚至是不惜牺牲等级晋升,以专心经营于本地利益。典型案例如主政广东的叶选平,放弃了国务院副总理的职位[23]。。委员个人同时还承受着中央控制带来的成本。不过对于地方有利的是,地方力量毕竟在本地类信息上握有优势,中央则只具备有限的能力和资源,不可能搜集到所有相关信息,所以地方及领导可以选择性、扭曲性地向中央释放信息。概括而言,在委员个人完整的权衡框架内,如果讨好官僚、客户等有利,且违背中央要求带来的发现概率、惩罚成本等有限,那不断扩张本位利益,乃至不惜侵害国家利益,是其理性选择。

也许是受传统思维的影响,亦或理论抽象的结果,人们倾向于认为地方政府是中央政府的代理人,但在真实世界中,中央—地方关系远远超越了简单的委托代理关系,这也带来地方独立于中央的倾向。Shirk认为中国改革中的中央—地方关系是相互负责,中央委员会内的高层领导当然有条件影响、甚至控制普通的地方委员,但不管怎样,高层领导总要经过所有委员的选举,中央政策也总要经过所有委员的表决或者背书[25]。因此,对于中央和高层领导而言,不断回馈地方支持者,拉到更多支持,总是更好的策略。专门就地方而言,地方政府及领导也已经成为很多公共事务的事实负责人,中央政府则在改革中不断卸责,只是根据自己简单的成本收益原则而将很多事务推向地方,即使地方还因中央在税收、借债等方面的种种限制而达不到相称条件。这导致,地方政府在不少事项上已经不能再等待中央指示,更不能依赖于中央,而需要主动地扩展自己的活动范围和深度,甚至是不排除与中央政府发生冲突。否则,即使在所谓中央的要求下规规矩矩,但如果没有完成社会要求的任务,特别是发生一些重大事故或者事件,那地方领导反而只能忍受中央和社会更加严苛的指责和问责。

下面,检验上面两种模型于中央向地方财政分权的适用性,操作途径主要是根据等级权力和关系网络等原则编码中央委员、进而地区的政治影响力。如果中央控制模型适用,那地区政治影响力越大,对应着维护中央权益的力量更强大,故分权程度越低;如果地方独立模型适用,那地区政治影响力越大,对应着追逐地方权益的力量更强大,故分权程度越高。

三、变量与数据

因变量财政分权同时适用收入分权(R_ DEC)、支出分权(E_ DEC)和财政自主(F_ AUTO)三种指标,以多角度、稳健地体现财政分权内容[26]。收支分权由地方预算内收支指示,捕捉中央、地方在资源配置上的对比关系。财政自主由地方对中央的财政依赖反向指示,捕捉地方在资源使用上的自由程度。

自变量地区政治影响力(P_ INF)由中央委员的政治影响力加总而来。海外中国研究已经尝试对中央委员编码,不过主要是限于权力的描述性分析和中央、地方等维度上的简单对比[27]。本文在他们的基础上,对编码结构和考察对象等作以下改进: (1)弃用简单的0、1赋分,分别为一般委员、政治局委员、政治局常委赋值1、5、9和1、9、27分,以充分体现不同委员不同等级的政治能量差异,像现有研究常用地方领导政治局委员身份的0、1赋分,这既不能充分体现大多数省份之间的差异,也不能捕捉到拥有更大政治势力的政治局常委的影响。(2)纳入非正式政治内容,分别适用0.6、0.3、0.1和0.7、0.2、0.1的加权比重,将等级得分分配于现职地、发源地(前一政治周期内的任职地)和籍贯地,以充分体现关系网络和高等级委员的影响,像现有研究主要集中于当地领导,这忽视了中国特有的关系型政治,特别是忽视了非地方领导的中央领导的影响[28]。举个例子,如果是某政治局常委,则其得分为9分或者27分,再将分值按照比例分配于现职地(中央)、发源地(中央或者地方省份)和籍贯地(地方省份),所有中央委员的得分均按照此程序分配,最后加总各省份和中央部委等得分。由于引入了发源地等非正式政治,为规避编码冲突,也是吻合政治事实,政治影响力指标的计算对应于整个党代会周期。

其他控制型等变量见表1。其中建筑业增加值比重代理指示非预算财政(N_ BUD)的影响,这是基于非预算财政与房地产发展紧密相关,国有企业工业产值比重代理指示非市场化(N_ MAR)如传统计划经济、政企关系等的影响。具体搜集的数据始自2003年,止于2007年,以对应于“十六大”党代会周期的政治影响力数据。选择“十六大”是鉴于当时中国政治生活已经基本制度化,核心表现如领导人更替可预期、政治局会议正规化、领导人分工明确化等,而政治制度化意味着基于职务测度影响力的可靠性。政治影响力数据也可以拓展至“十七大”等,但我们还不能得到关键的自2008年起的行政编制数据,故先将研究局限于“十六大”。影响力的现职地、发源地等均纳入任期权重,适应于党代会的召开日期,日期精确到半月,其中官方公布简历上精确到月的,按月中值计算,没有精确到月的,再通过搜索新华网、人民网、或者相关政府型网站等确认。省外如中央部委等的政治影响力都归集为“非地方”,个别逝世、免职、递补委员的任职期以官方正式公布的日期为准。匹配于政治影响力数据,变量都归集为五年整体的,价格型变量根据GDP平减指数折算到2003年的水平,美元价值根据当年平均汇率折算成人民币价值。

表1 变量定义

在以上变量中,本文贡献的变量——政治影响力决定于样本期前的选举,故不考虑理论内生性问题。至于测量误差和遗漏变量问题,有待专门研究。其中如小集团等可能有影响,不过考虑到有两百多位中央委员,最终影响应该不会上升到统计规律。主要从事实看,关系网络在中央委员的选择中发挥着主要作用,中央更时不时地调换地方领导,新领导的到任也迅速给地方带来各种资源,所以逆向因果关系的干扰应该是非常有限。本文重点关注的行政变量——政府和官员,前者主要决定于地理和历史因素,后者由中央编制办严格控制,也不考虑内生性问题。存在双向因果关系的变量主要是经济发展,且其非常可能与一些遗漏变量和测量误差相关,所以重点控制,在回归检验中同时适用二阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)。在收入分权回归中,通过检验的工具变量为2002年经济发展和东部地区,在支出分权和财政自主回归中,有效工具变量为2002年经济发展和西部地区。在后面报告和未报告的方程中,豪斯曼检验和异方差稳健的DWH检验均不能拒绝“所有变量均外生”的原假设,所以普通最小二乘法(OLS)已经有效。不过由于2SLS法在估计中首先剔除了经济发展及相关变量的可能内生部分,单独的系数估计在本文的效果一般都更好。

表2 描述性统计

本文变量计算包含了除香港、澳门、台湾外的31个省级单位,但后面统计、计量剔除了西藏,它在很多变量上明显异于其他省份,在计量检验中也确实成为特殊的有影响力个案,而其他省份在检验中均达不到2倍杠杆值均值的界限。主要变量描述性分析见表2。

四、检验结果

检验结果见表3,分析软件为stata11。考虑到政治、行政的紧密联系,特别是政治因素对行政因素的框架性限定作用,本文专门加入政治影响力对行政力量的调节作用①本文适用“调节作用”的称谓是为了强调政治高于行政的地位,如政治领导行政的事实,如果两者地位同等重要,调节作用就是一般的交互作用。,且成功分离出多种显著作用,而如果不考虑,政治影响力的估计系数不显著。其中为缓解调节作用项带来的共线性问题,在回归分析中首先将调节作用项的相关变量中心化。政治影响力来源于赋值法,难免有武断之嫌,比如四种赋值即使相关性极高,但在局部区域,不少样本的排序都存在变化,所以出于稳健分析的考虑,对四种测度均作检验。鉴于核心的定性结论一致,其他三种测度限于篇幅就不报告,感兴趣的读者可以向作者索取未报告的检验结果。

表3 回归分析结果

检验结果显示,政治影响力对各财政分权指标均发挥直接的负向作用,这符合中央控制模型的预测。从收入分权看,中央委员成为中央在地方征集收入的总代理。地方政府在中央委员的层级控制下,也是各级官员为了向中央及地方首长“表功”,将更多资源贡献于中央。从支出分权看,中央成功地通过中央委员控制了地方支出,比如在样本期间,中央曾经三令五申加强宏观调控,抑制经济过热,其中个别地方及官员则因不执行、乃至主动抵抗中央政策,而遭到惩罚。从财政自主看,中央委员从收入和补助两方面降低了地方分权程度。这是一种悖论:中央委员先从地方征集到更多收入,再向地方返还更多补助[28]。过程损耗资源,但通过这个似乎多余的反复过程,中央可以控制地方,实现宏观调控和收入分配等目标,而委员个人可以充分展示自己对于中央和地方的权力权威与重要价值。

除了直接的负向作用,政治影响力还对行政力量发挥正向的调节作用,这吻合地方独立模型的预测,也反映了我国独有的政治——行政关系。就政治力量而言,中央委员虽然因中央而管理地方,但同样离不开地方行政部门,他们的功绩和晋升需要地方部门的支撑,所以有激励动用权力和关系为地方谋取利益的迹象。像省长和部长一般都是中央委员,作为行政部门的首长,为本地、本系统争取更多资源是当然选择。这些都相应地为地方带来更多的财政等资源。最后从中央政府的角度而言,管理一个超大型国家需要从上到下的机构支持,所以中央在一定范围内也是乐见地方机构的稳定和发展,甚至是主动为他们提供资金等支持。

中国中央—地方关系在政治经济维度上同时存在着中央控制和地方独立的证据。前者体现于中央委员的直接作用,这表明中央委员会首先作为中央控制地方的制度形式而存在,中央委员的权力权威首先来源于中央的背书。后者体现于中央委员通过行政部门产生的间接作用,这表明政府整体运行有其固有的客观规律,并非任何一方“唱独角戏”可以完成,即使是位于较高层级的中央及委员个人,他们的权力巩固也有赖于下面地方的配合与支持。由于“中央”的身份,中央委员个人也许不便于直接“出面”为地方争夺资源,但可以间接地提供支持,而地方部门只要主动积极地攻关相关单位、相关人士,特别是充分利用高级领导的等级权力和关系网络,带来更多资源的理想结果自然实现。

本文其他变量的作用包括: (1)行政力量一般发挥正向作用,吻合行政部门扩张说。特殊的是行政政府在财政自主中的负向作用,这主要是因为我国大多数省份都属于地广人稀的落后省份,它们的县级政府数恰恰都很高,所以资源规律掩盖、乃至颠覆了政治和行政规律,像很多基层政府的运转就主要依赖于中央补助。另外行政政府与行政官员也存在部分重复测度,影响到定量检验。(2)经济发展和城镇化水平的正向作用,符合传统分权理论。(3)外向型经济的正向作用,说明了对外开放对于地方财力和公共服务等的正面效应。(4)非预算财政的正向作用,它与财政收入受到很多共同因素的影响,也有利于扩张支出。(5)非市场化对收入分权发挥负面作用,说明了国有企业不利于收入征集,但对支出分权具有正向作用,对财政自主有负向作用,说明地方凭借国有企业的关系网络可以争取到更多补助,进而扩张支出。(6)人口规模对财政自主发挥正向作用,符合传统分权理论,但对支出分权发挥负向作用,这与支出的实质内容和指标的人均性质有关,我国很多公共支出都属于基本型,而且像行政管理等活动具有明显的非竞争性特性。(7)少数民族的负向作用,符合相关地区因地理条件恶劣和经济落后而导致财力匮乏,进而需要补助。(8)西部地区对收入分权的正向作用,可能是控制了少数民族等变量的结果。

五、结论与政策含义

本文应用多种财政分权指标,引入来源于中央委员的地区政治影响力指标,考察了我国还很少研究的财政分权决定因素,并证实政治影响力的直接负向作用和间接型的对行政力量的正向调节作用。直接负向作用印证了中央—地方关系的中央控制模型,中央借助于中央委员的权力影响,将财政资源朝中央集中。间接的正向调节作用印证了地方独立模型,地方政府存在独立扩张倾向,且在关联中央委员政治权力的庇护和激励下,能够为地方攫取到更多财政资源。本文的研究结论表明,推进财政等分权改革,优化中央—地方关系,不能忽视深层次的政治、行政体制改革。第一,权力是政府运行的必然规律,优化中央—地方关系的根本途径是平衡各主体间的权力、责任、利益等配置。第二,改进政治、行政部门分工,政治部门的职能可以定位于评估、监督行政部门,并向选民和中央政府等委托者负责。第三,引入抗衡性力量,培育制衡性制度,防范政府间、政府—社会间可能垄断者的专断和合谋,等等。

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(1.Socio-Science Research Center of MIT,Boston 02139,USA; 2.China Economic Development Research Center,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710061,China)

Abstract:This paper provides two paradigms of post-classical economics,which are scarcity dualism and institution theory of value.Scarcity dualism shows that scarcity could be classified as relative scarcity of nature resource and absolute scarcity of social resource,and it also could be classified as relative scarcity of commodity and absolute scarcity of lifetime.The institution theory of value points out that institution means the source of value generation,labor means the formation method of value and utility means the expression of value.Institution constructs value-space,determines value-attribution,value-dimension and value-measurement.This paper analyzes the relationship between institution exportation and value plunder,and points out the non-neutrality of monetary and it's credit-foundation from institution.This paper considers institution exportation and dimension-reduction strategy as the main means of rising power to establish world order and pattern of international interest,and proves this opinion through thought experiment as vanishing assumption.As an example,this paper points out that the inner essence of intellectual property is the indirect occupation of others' wealth,and typically is the strategic method of multinational value plunder.In the last,according to the valuation of economic reform,this paper provides two standards as external sum-measurement and multi-dimensional volumemeasurement. Based on the theoretical framework of general equilibrium,this paper firstly expounds the mechanism of influence of the opening extent of capital account and exchange rate policy on asset price and the features of roles in which they play.The numerical simulation demonstrates that the opening extent change and exchange rate fluctuation are very important for the stability of asset price.In comparison with exchange rate control extent,the effects of the roles played by the opening extent of capital account in asset price show greater diversity.The empirical analysis that is based on the panel data of developed countries and emerging market countries indicates that the influences of capital account opening on the asset market of developed countries are more obvious.Exchange rate stability is more conductive to the asset market development of emerging market countries.Considering that all the countries in the world conduct capital account opening of different extents,maintaining exchange rate stability is very important for asset market,especially for emerging market countries.In addition,this paper also empirically examines the influence of basic economic aspect and monetary and financial factors on asset price.This paper thinks,under the complex background that America withdrew from quantitative easing policy and the foreign exchange market and asset market of many emerging market countriesbook=125,ebook=130were shocked,China should prudently push the opening of capital market and further enlarge the bidirectional fluctuation space of RMB's exchange rate to make it stabilized within a rational equilibrium exchange rate interval,which has active real significance for the long-term development of Chinese asset market and the prudent operation of financial system. Based on the data on 12 kinds of basic indicators on financial press that covers money,bonds and foreign market from January of 2007 to June of 2015,this paper builds weekly financial stress index (FSI) for China by using main part analysis and the relevance matrix on indicator intersection and conducts threshold and regime analysis by using TVAR model based on the relationship between FSI and macroeconomy.The results indicate that the trend of FSI basically matches the systematic events in the sample interval and the economic regime in the future seven months can be judged by comparing current numerical value and threshold value.The results of regime analysis show that there are few high stress regimes and the general economic operation is relatively stable in China. This paper statistical analyzes the economic phenomena like reserve requirement ratio and deposit growth rate and gets the theoretical inference: the rise of reserve requirement ratio causes the rise of the return rate of banks' wealth management products,deposit transfer and sluggish growth.Empirical analysis shows that: no significant correlation exists between loan growth rate and reserve requirement ratio.But the inhibitory roles played by inter-bank offered rate in loans is significant.Negative correlation exists between deposit growth and the expected return rate of wealth management products.Empirical results prove theoretical inference.When the scale growth of banks' wealth management products emerges,banks' asset-liability structure changes.The quantitative monetary policy tools represented by reserve requirement ratio have limited capacity in freezing funds.The correlation between credit and reserve requirement is weakened and the effects of monetary policy is also weakened.Monetary policy should transfer from relying on quantitative tools to price control. P2P platform finishes fund borrowing and loaning after fund raisers apply for loans,the plat-book=126,ebook=131form audits and publishes loan information and investors bid.The borrowing and loaning rate of funds are the core factors that affect the prudent operation of P2P platform.Because the fund loaning rate of Net Credit Platform is sensitive to liquidity premium,credit spread,debt repaying capacity,investors 'emotion and so on,this paper builds econometric test model and conducts empirical test based on Prosper platform data.The results find: generally speaking,the effects of liquidity,credit standing,debt repaying capacity and investors' emotion on the borrowing and loaning rate of platform funds are basically the same with theoretical analysis.However,the sensitivity of the borrowing and loaning rate of platform funds to all kinds of influencing factors is different,among which those that can produce more obvious effects are : term variable,credit rating among credit variables,the credit enquiry frequency in the past six months,debt-to-income ratio in debt repaying capacity and loan amount,friends 'investment amount and whether they have joined the group among investors' emotion variables.Based on this,this paper puts forward policy suggestions on promoting the healthy development of Chinese P2P platform. This paper theoretically explores and empirically tests the mechanism between the expansive and excess capacity of SOEs.The nature of SOEs makes them have the internal stimulation that leads to excessive capacity expansion.After the economic crisis,the economic stimulating policy dominated by the government stimulated the expansive capacity of SOEs internally and externally and aggravated excess capacity problem.This paper empirically tests the relationship among SOEs,credit distortion and capacity utilization rate by using the panel data model of 36 Chinese 36 SOEs in industrial sector from 2000 to 2011.The empirical results indicate that: the state-owned stock controlling proportion of the industry and the credit scale of SOEs have significant negative effect on the capacity utilization rate of the industry and the negative effects will be strengthened after 2008. From 2012 to 2013,the two successive governments made the relevant policies for promoting the development of photovoltaic industry in order to deal with the inside and outside difficult situation of Chinese photovoltaic industry.However,there is controversy about the rationality of these policies.Do these policies work? This paper chooses the listed companies of A-share photovoltaic industry as sample and uses event study methods to examine the market performance of the relevant companies' stocks before and after these policies are published and test the effects of the policies from this perspective.The research finds that the market has different reactions to different policies.This paper further analyzes the causes for different reactions and role mechanism.and further proves by using the corresponding industrial data. Based on the economic decentralization and regional disparity of environmental regulation,this paper uses the panel data of 279 Chinese cities from 2003 to 2013 and examines the industrial structure effects of environmental regulation and environmental regulation competition.The research finds that: (1) the greater strength of Chinese environmental regulation is conductive to the industrial structure upgrading without considering environmental regulation competition.(2) After the environmental regulation competition is pictured by using spatial Durbin model,environmental regulation plays smaller promoting roles in local industrial structure upgrading.The environmental regulation competition that focuses on simulation strategy will produce positive spillover effect on the industrial structure level of nearby regions.The accumulative spillover effects on the nearby regions are nearly 4 times as much as that on local area.Seen from regions,the promoting roles played by environmental regulation in local industrial structure upgrading are more outstanding in the middle and west region.The negative spatial spillover effect of east region shows that the environmental regulation competition of east coastal cities is not conductive to the general industrial transformation upgrading of the region.The local government is more inclined to adopt differentiation strategy rather than the simulation strategy of the middle and west region. Through the empirical analysis of Chinese A share listed companies from 2010 to 2013,we find that the political connection of enterprises produces two kinds of effects: creative productive inhibitory effect and relational resource bias effect.Creative productive inhibitory effect hinders the rise of corporate performance; but relational resource bias effect improves corporate performance by helping enterprises to obtain key resources.Generally speaking,the positive effect of relational resource bias produced by the political connection of Chinese enterprises on performance should be greater than the negative effect of creative production inhibitory effect on performance.But decentralization,continually reducing governmental intervention,raising governmental efficiency and cutting relational resource bias effect lead to that political connection is not conductive to the rise of the long-term corporate performance. Employees' training input is not the more the better.Based on the generalized propensity score matching method,this paper evaluates the roles played by employees' training input in corporate productivity and finds that: (1) a reverse N-shaped relationship exists between training input and corporate productivity,that is,with the rise of training input,corporate productivity has the trend of“rise-fall-rise”.Thus,relativelybook=128,ebook=133small or large amount of training input is invalid.The corporate efficiency can't be raised and there is no optimal employees' training input.(2) These conclusions are robust under two kinds of efficiency indicators (i.e.labor productivity and total factor productivity) and under three subsamples (i.e.classified by region,industry and ownership).(3) But the treatment effects and the optimal scale of employees' training input are different in different subsamples. On the basis of theoretical analysis,this paper,selects 2389 A-share listed companies in Chinese Shanghai and Shenzhen stock market in 2013 as sample and conducts the empirical research on the relationship between internal governance and debt levels.The results indicate that the effects of the scale of the board of directors,the scale of independent directors and the percentage of the independent director on the debt level of listed companies are uncertain.But the coefficient sign difference can reflect the internal check and balance mechanism inside the board of directors.The bigger scale of the board of directors and the internal structure that board chairman acts as the general manager can cause higher corporate debt level in the normal operation course of the company.The more the general meeting of stockholders,the higher the debt level of listed companies; fewer meetings of board of supervisors are conductive to reducing the debt level of listed companies and can better protect the rights and interests of listed companies over debtors. This paper takes three fiscal decentralization indicators including income,expenditure and independence as dependent variables,introduces the indicator on local political influence from central committee members and examines the determinants on fiscal decentralization that are rarely studied in China.Political influence plays a directive negative role in fiscal decentralization,which indicates that the central government makes fiscal resources centralized on the central government by the aid of the influence of political committee members' political power.Political influence plays an in directive positive adjusting role in administrative government and administrative bureaucracy,which shows that under the stimulation and guarantee of related political powers,administrative power can grab more fiscal resources.These evidences prove that promoting fiscal decentralization reform and optimizing the relationship between the central government and the local government can't ignore the in-depth political and administrative system reform.

Key words:Economics Paradigm; Scarcity Dualism; Institution Theory of Value; Dimension Reduction Strategy; Vanishing Assumption; Intellectual Property Capital Account; Exchange Rate; Asset Price; Monetary Policy Financial System; Financial Stability; Financial Stress Index; Systematic Risk Reserve Requirement Ratio; Loan Growth Rate; Deposit Growth Rate; Wealth Management Product Net Credit Platform; Loaning Rate of Funds; Risk Premium; Investors' Behavior Excess Capacity; Capacity Utilization Rate; State-owned Enterprise; Credit Distortion; Industrial Panel Data Photovoltaic Industry; Policy Support; Event Study Environmental Regulation Competition; Industrial Structure Upgrading; Spillover; Spatial Durbin Model Decentralization; Political Connection; Corporate Performance; Political Intervention; Governmental Efficiency Employees' training Input; Corporate Productivity; Generalized Propensity Score Matching; Treatment Effect Internal Governance; Debt Level; Empirical Analysis Fiscal Decentralization; Fiscal Independence; Political Influence; Central-Local Relationship; Central Committee Member; Administrative Power

作者简介:陈志广(1978-),湖南省醴陵市人,南京大学政府管理学院副教授,经济学博士,研究方向:政府规制与反垄断、公共财政与预算管理、公共部门治理与非营利组织管理等。

基金项目:国家社科基金重点项目“政治权力影响下中央对地方财政转移支付配置研究”(15AZZ011) ;教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“基于治理视角的我国地方政府财政支出效率研究”(13YJA630009) ;国家留学基金委访问学者项目。

收稿日期:2015-08-09

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1002-2848-2016(01)-0116-08

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