四步搞定阅读理解细节题

何梦莹

在高考英语阅读理解的各个考点中，考查考生对短文具体信息的比重最大，高于60%。因此，能否准确理解文中具体信息直接影响考生阅读理解的成绩。该考点又可具体可分为直接信息题（针对6W和1H提问，在原文可以直接找到答案）、间接信息题（题目信息和答案是对原文信息的同义转换）、数字计算题、排序题等。难度较大的是间接信息题，这也是近几年考查的重点，因此也是本文分析的重点。

解题步骤

第一步，读题，确定关键词。

即从题干中确定关键词，通常一两个词，特别是专有名词、数字等具有排他性的词。

第二步，寻读，找到关键句。

即带着第一步确定的关键词寻读，在文中找到含关键词的句子。

第三步，细读，理解信息。

即仔细阅读含关键词的句子及前后句子，理解其含义。

第四步，甄别，选出答案。

甄别选项，即比较信息句与各选项所述内容，排除干扰项，选出正确选项。

值得注意的是，正确选项与原文往往是用不同词语来表达同一意思。

以上四步可记作“一定二找，三解四较”。

典型例题

（2013全国II卷39） Doctors are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all. I was lucky： became a pilot in 1970，almost ten years before I graduated from medical school. I didnt realize then，but becoming a pilot makes me a better surgeon. I loved flying. As I flew bigger，faster planes，and in worse weather，I learned about crew resource management（机组资源管理），or CRM，a new idea to make flying safer. It means that crew members should listen and speak up for a good result，regardless of positions.

36. What does the author say about doctors in general？

A. They like flying by themselves

B. They are unwilling to take advice.

C. They pretend to be good pilots.

D. They are quick learners of CRM

[解题过程]本题问“关于医生，作者作了什么总的评说？”

第一步，读题，确定关键词。找到doctors in general。

第二步，寻读，信息定位。用doctor寻读，在文中找到 “Doctors are known to be terrible pilots. They dont listen because they already know it all.”

第三步，细读，理解信息。“医生被人为是可怕的飞行员。他们听不进意见，因为他们已经完全知道了。”

第四步，甄别，选出答案。与所找信息意思相符的只有选项B。文中信息They dont listen（ 注：listen to sb. =take notice of what sb. says to them so that they follow sb.s advice）与正确选项They are unwilling to take advice是同一意思的不同表达形式。

即时练习

阅读下列选段，请用上述四步法，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。

1.（2013全国II卷42）In 1947 a group of famous people from the art world headed by an Austrian conductor decided to hold an international festival of music，dance and theatre in Edinburgh. The idea was to reunite Europe after the Second World War.

It quickly attracted famous names such as Alec Guinness...

At the same time，the“Fringe”appeared as a challenge to the official festival. Eight theatre groups turned up uninvited in 1947，in the belief that everyone should have the right to perform，and they did so in a public house disused for years.

Soon，groups of students firstly from Edinburgh University，and later from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge，？Durham and Birmingham were making the journey to the Scottish capital each summer to perform theater by little-known writers of plays in small church halls to the people of Edinburgh.

△Who joined the“Fringe”after it appeared？

A. They owned a public house there

B. University students

C. Trusts from around the world

D. Performers of music and dance2.

2.（2014新课标II卷30） One of the latest trends in American childcare is Chinese au pairs...

“I thought it would be very useful for him to learn Chinese at an early age，”Joseph Stocke...

Li Drake，a Chinese native raising two children in Minnesota with an American husband，had another reason for looking for an au pair from China： She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots.“Because I am Chinese，my husband and I wanted the children to keep exposed to the language and culture，”she says.

△Li Drake has her children study Chinese because she wants them ___________

A. to live in China some day

B. to speak the language at home

C. to catch up wit other Chinese culture

D. to learn about the Chinese culture？

3.（2013新课标II卷 45）...Looking like a setting from the film Charlie & the Chocolate Factory，Singapores Chocolate Research Facility（CRF）has over 100 varieties of chocolates. Its founder is Chris Lee who grew up at his parents corner store with one hand almost always in the jar of sweets.

If the CRF seems to be a smart idea，thats because Lee is not merely a seasoned salesperson but also head of a marketing department that has business relations with big names such as Levis and Sony. That idea surely results in the imagination at work when it comes to making different flavored（味道）chocolates.

△Why is Chris Lee able to develop his idea of CRF？

A. He knows the importance of research.

B. He learns from shops of similar types.

C. He has the support of many big names

D. He has a lot of marketing experience.

答案与详解

1. B 本题问“在Fringe出现后谁去参加Fringe？” 第一步，读题，确定关键词。以Fringe为关键词，因为它最具排他性。第二步，寻读，寻找关键句。在第三段找到，但“在Fringe出现后谁参加了Fringe？”该段找不到答案，顺着读下去，在下段找到groups of students （first from ...university and later from the universities...） were making the journey to...perform theater句。第三步，细读，理解信息。“先是……大学的学生，后是……大学的学生来到苏格兰首府（Edinburgh） 表演”。第四步，甄别，选出答案。与前一步理解的信息相符的只有选项B。

2. D 本题问“Li Drake想她的孩子学汉语是因为她想要他们______” 第一步，读题，确定关键词。确定Li Drake为关键词，专有名词具有排他性。第二步，寻读，寻找关键句。在第三段中找到Li Drake。顺着这一关键词往下读，找到She didnt want her children to miss out on their roots...wanted the children to keep exposed to the language and culture两句。第三步，细读，理解信息。“Li Drake不想她的孩子忘记他们的根……想这些孩子浸泡在中国的语言和文化之中。” 第四步，甄别，选出答案。与此相符的只有选项D“了解中国文化”。原文中的root原意是“根”，海外游子的根即为“他们的祖国的文化”。

3. D 本题问“为什么Chris Lee能够产生CRF这种主意？”第一步，读题，确定关键词。确定Chris Lee，CRF，idea为寻读的关键词。第二步，寻读，寻找关键句。用Chris Lee或CRF寻读，在第一段末找到，速读相关句，依然没有找到产生这种想法的原因，继续往下读，在第二段首句找到，because与问题why恰巧吻合，可知此句为解题关键句。第三步，细读，理解信息。“如果说CRF是一个绝妙的主意，那是因为Lee不但是一个经验丰富的（seasoned=experienced，having a lot of experience）销售人员，而且是与知名品牌李维斯和索尼有业务往来的这样一个销售部的负责人”，本句强调的重点是销售部负责人，说明销售经验非常丰富。第四步，甄别，选出答案。选项A与B易排除，选项C中big names与原文同，易误选，但“他有许多知名公司的支持”与“与知名公司有业务来往”是不一样的；只有选项D“他有丰富的销售经验”与原文最为接近，故选D。

顺便说说，题干与原文中的某些词常常是同义转换，了解这一点有利于在文中快速寻找答题关键句。近年高考中同义转换的例子有：reunite Europe—bring Europe together，state of mind—mood，charity—give others help，look for—plan to find，restore—give back，didnt know—had little idea，mainly— especially，drop —reduce，popular—popularity，consume（food）—food intake 等。

据笔者经验，许多考生在找到关键句或“作战区域”之后，仍然选错选项，原因是不能正确理解关键句的意思。考生平时练好词汇和句法的基本功是避免错选的关键。词汇的学习不能停留在词的表面意义，还要理解深层的延伸意义，学会同义转换。通过句子结构学习，要能快速抓住句子的主干，从而获取主要信息。

责任编辑 蒋小青