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解推理判断题需字斟句酌

2016-05-14刘军李秀梅

高中生学习·高三版 2016年5期
关键词:字面判断题深层

刘军 李秀梅

推理判断题考查同学们根据字面意思,通过逻辑关系,研究细节,推敲作者的态度,理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及到的可能是文中一句话或几句话,甚至是文章或段落的主题。这类题型在近几年高考阅读理解中所占的比例有上升的趋势。

这类试题的题干中常含infer(推断),learn about(知道),suggest(暗示),imply(暗示),conclude(推断),indicate(暗示)等词语。

[答题步骤]

解答这类题的一般步骤是:

1. 定位信息:通过寻读找到相关信息点;

2. 字面理解:理解相关信息点的字面意义;

3. 深层理解:结合语境和常识,在字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,从而理解作者的言外之意。

[答题技巧]

推理判断是一种创造性的思维活动,但它并非无章可循。关键是要对文章已给的信息进行合理的分析判断,做到“有理有据”。同学们应主要注意以下几点:

1. 吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索,这是推理的前提和基础。

2. 对文章的表面信息进行挖掘加工,由表入里,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,通过分析、综合、判断,进行符合逻辑的推理。

3. 忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知。不能主观臆断、凭空想象,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。

4. 把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇的结构。

5. 解题时应注意以下几点:

(1)直接陈述文章内容的选项不能选,要选择根据文章内容推理出来的选项;

(2)推理不是凭空猜测,而是立足已知推断未知,因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由;

(3)不能以自己的观点代替作者的想法,脱离原文的主观臆断都是不可选的。

6. 干扰项的特点:

(1)原文信息的简单重复,而非推断出来的结论(易误选);

(2)推理过度的片面结论;

(3)与文中内容不符或完全相反的结论等;

(4)符合同学们的已有常识,但文中没有信息支持(易误选)。

[题型例说]

这类试题包括很多种,高考中主要有:深层理解推理、文章出处推理、写作意图及态度倾向推理,下面对各个类型的题目的解题策略分类举例说明之。

1. 深层理解推理

(1)定位与题目相关信息:①根据题干关键词定位信息;②根据选项定位信息。

(2)深层理解文中的信息:文中信息是正确选项的依据,正确选项源于文中信息,但文中信息不等于选项的全部,只是判断的依据。

(3)验证答案:①正确选项是与文中信息相关,但文中信息并未告之的结论;②正确选项不可能脱离文章主题。

例1 (2015天津卷·阅读理解C) I never told my mother about my “miraculous” (奇迹般地) experience that summer, but she saw a slow but remarkable improvement in my classroom performance during the next year. And years later, she was proud that her son had read thousands of books, was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction. The power of the words has held.

49. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. The author has become a successful writer.

B. The authors mother read the same book.

C. The authors mother rewarded him with books.

D. The author has had happy summers ever since.

解析 考查推理利断。根据本段中的... was awarded a PhD in literature, and authored his own books, articles, poetry and fiction.可知,作者被授予文学博士学位,著作颇丰,故A项“他成为了一名成功的作家”正确。

2. 文章出处或读者对象推理

应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处:

(1)报纸:前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。

(2)广告:格式特殊,容易辨认。

(3)产品说明:器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式,而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。若没有以上格式,就需根据文章内容来推断。

例2 (2015广东卷·阅读理解B) When I grew up and entered the business world, I remember hearing my first boss say, “We all need to think like sales people.” But it didnt completely make sense. My dad never once said, “If you want to catch a fish you need to think like a fisherman.” What he said was, “You need to think like a fish.” Years later, with great efforts to promote long-term services to people much older and richer than me, I gradually learned what we all need is to think more like customers. It is not an easy job. I will show you how in the following chapters.

35. This passage most likely comes from _________.

A. a fishing guide

B. a popular sales book

C. a novel on childhood

D. a millionaires biography

解析 B。考查文章出处。本题容易误选D。根据本段第一句When I grew up and entered the business world ...和最后一句I will show you how in the following chapters(接下来的章节我会告诉你如何像顾客一样想)可以推断出本篇文章节选自一本畅销的销售书籍,从而排除D项。

3. 写作意图及态度倾向推理

(1)在阅读文章时,关注文章字里行间对人物情感及态度的描写,揣侧和体会修饰性词语。

(2)分析这些修饰性词语,并特别注意作者在文中的措辞,尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

例3 (2015浙江卷·阅读理解D) Im grateful—to a point. The truth is, after years of balking, Ive come to enjoy my walks with Misty. As I watch her chase after a squirrel, throwing her whole being into the here-and-now of an exercise that has never once ended in victory, she reminds me, too, that no matter how harsh the present or unpredictable the future, theres almost always some measure of joy to be extracted from the moment.

60. What is the message the writer wants to convey in the passage?

A. One should learn to enjoy hard times.

B. A disaster can change everything in life.

C. Moments of joy suggest that there is still hope ahead.

D. People will change their attitude toward you when you are in difficulty.

解析 C。考查写作意图。由文中内容尤其是最后一句中的no matter ... some measure of joy ...可知,作者想要表达的信息是:不管现在多么艰难,未来有多么不可预测,几乎总能从当下获得一些乐趣,因此生活总会有希望。因此,C项正确。

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