现在分词作状语的应试技巧
2016-05-14罗佳
罗佳
分词是高考的热门考点之一,同时也是困扰同学们的重难点之一。高考对现在分词作状语的考查十分常见,其考法变化多样,题型生动灵活。
现在分词是一种非限定动词, 由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。它兼有动词、副词和形容词的特征,可带宾语或受状语修饰。就其形式而言,分为主动态的一般式doing,完成式having done;被动态的完成式having been done,进行式的being done。否定形式都是在-ing形式前加not。现在分词和宾语或状语一起构成现在分词短语,在句中可以做定语、表语、宾语补足语或状语。
动词的现在分词做状语,修饰动词或句子,相当于状语从句。它在从句中可表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随情况及独立成分,作时间,原因,条件,让步状语时多位于句首;作结果和让步或方式状语时多居于句末。
1.表示时间,doing可转化为when或while引导的时间状语从句,having done却相似于after引导的时间状从句。
(2010北京卷) at my classmates face, I read the same excitement in their eyes.
A. Looking B. Look
C. Looked D. To look
(2013山东卷) at the cafeteria before, Tina didnt want to eat there again.
A. Having eaten B. To eat
C. Eat D. Eating
2.表示原因,可转制成由because,as等引导的原因状从。
(2013北京卷) the course very difficult, she decided to move to a lower level.
A. Find B. Finding
C. To find D. Found
3.表示结果,表示主句的动作所带来的必然结果,相当于一个并列谓语。
(2013全国大纲卷) I got the office earlier that day, the 7∶30 train from Paddington.
A. caught B. to have caught
C. to catch D. having caught
4. 表示条件,相当于if,unless等引导的条件句。
(2012江苏卷) an important decision more on emotion than on reason, you will get it sooner or later.
A. Based B. Basing
C. Base D. To base
5. 表示让步,可变化为although,though等引导的从句。
(2007陕西卷) that she didnt do a good job, I dont think I am abler than her.
A.To have said B. Having said
C. To say D. Saying
6. 表示伴随或方式,表伴随时相当于被and连接的两个并列的分句或短语。
(2005重庆卷) Daddy didnt mind what we were doing.as long as we were together, fun.
A.had B.have
C.to have D.having
解题时遇到现在分词作状语,最难的无外乎两类情况:究竟是选主动态还是被动态;到底是用一般式还是用完成式。
对于这两点,前者为分词作状语的语态性,即现在分词与主句主语(其逻辑主语)之间的关系。如:
例1 (2014福建卷) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
A. Spending B. Spent
C. Having spent D. To spend
解析 句意:作为交换生在香港过了一年后,琳达表现得比同龄人更成熟。在本句中动词spend与主句主语Linda构成逻辑上的主动关系,所以使用现在分词在句中做状语。而spend the past year ...这个动作是在主句谓语appears more mature之前就发生的,所以使用现在分词的完成式。故C正确。
例2 (2005湖北卷) from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other country in the world.
A.Being separated B.Having separated
C.Having been separated D.To be separated
解析 句意:因为澳大利亚已经和其他大陆分离了数百万年,所以它有许多种在世界上其他国家找不到的动植物。澳大利亚是被“分离”出来数百万年,从时间状语for millions of years看,答案选C。此句中的现在分词短语相当于原因状语从句As it has been separated from other continents for millions of year。
另外,我们还要注意分词作状语的人称一致性。
Standing on the top of mountain, the lake looks so beautiful. (×)
Standing on the top of mountain, we can see the lake. ()
在第一句中,standing和逻辑主语lake之间没有任何关系,故为错句,而第二句中的standing动作的发出者就是we,故用一般式。
对于后者,可总结为,现在分词在句子中作状语时,都要以主句的谓语动词的动作时间为参照物,因此在解题的关键是要理清现在分词的动作和谓语动词发生时间的先后关系。即现在分词作状语的时间性,也就是分词所表示动作与谓语动词之间动作发生的先后顺序:与主句动作同时或相继发生——一般式doing(主动关系),与主句动作存在明显的先后顺序关系,也就是说分句动作完成后,主句动作才发生——完成式having done(主动关系),或having been done(被动关系)。如:
例3 (NMET1992) his letter, I decided to write to my father again.
A.Not having received B.Not receiving
C.Having not received D.Receiving not
解析 句意:因为我没有收到我父亲的信,所以我决定再给他写一封。从时间上看,“没有收到父亲的来信”在先,“再给他写信”在后,因此应首先排除B和D两项。现在分词完成式的否定式是在其前加not,这样又可排除C项。因此答案为A。
例4 (2004上海春招) Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage the girl and took her away, in the woods.
A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared
C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing
解析 句意:突然,一个开着黄色车的男子抓住那个女孩并把她带走了,而后消失在树林中。由句中的and可知前一空选与took并列的谓语动词,用disappearing的动作与主句动作几乎是同时伴随发生的。选D。
[练习]
1.When different cultures,we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A.compared B.being compared
C.comparing D.having compared
2.Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, a record $ 57.65 a barrel on April 4.
A.having reached B.reaching
C.to reach D.to be reaching
3.We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs, that all children like these things.
A.thinking B. think
C.to think D. Thought
4. from heart trouble for many years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
A. Suffered B. Suffering
C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
5. to work overtime that evening, I missed a wonderful film.
A. Having been asked B. To ask
C. Having asked D. To be asded
[参考答案]
1~5 CBACA