非虚构文学的春天

●郑瀚洋



非虚构文学的春天

●郑瀚洋

《我是女兵，也是女人》中译本Svetlana Alexievich’s War’s Unwomanly Face has been translated into Chinese.

2015年“诺奖”得主、白俄罗斯作家S.A阿列克谢耶维奇Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian investigative journalist, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature

主题宏大，描绘世界，书写历史

2015年诺贝尔文学奖颁给白俄罗斯女作家斯维特兰娜·阿列克谢耶维奇。许多女记者在圈内高呼:“这是女记者的胜利！”

因为斯维特兰娜·阿列克谢耶维奇曾经是一名记者，也是著名作家，她擅长用与当事人访谈的方式记录人类历史上重大的事件。她1948年生于乌克兰，父亲是白俄罗斯人，母亲是乌克兰人。她毕业于明斯克大学新闻系。已出版的著作有《我是女兵，也是女人》《切尔诺贝利的回忆：核灾难口述史》《锌皮娃娃兵》《战争的非女性面孔》《最后一个证人》《死亡的召唤》《我还是想你，妈妈》等。

我国著名翻译家高莽在1999年翻译了阿列克谢耶维奇的《锌皮娃娃兵》并出版。高莽这样评价阿列克谢耶维奇：“她自己没经历过战争，通过采访真实地还原战争，乃至那些细节，写出了最真实的战争。”高莽与1989年随苏联作家代表团来华访问的阿列克谢耶维奇见过面。他说：“阿列克谢耶维奇衣着朴实，发型简单，面颊略带忧思，有一双灰色的眼睛。她说话谦虚、稳重，每句话出口时，似乎都在她心中掂量过。”高莽认为这位女作家并不做主观心理分析，而是尽力深入被采访者的心灵，挖掘埋在潜意识中的实质。她让被采访者倾诉出各种行为与活动的动机。但她笔录的一个个片断能连接成完整的事件与真相，给人以相对完整的概念与画面。

首位获诺奖记者、第14位诺贝尔文学奖女性作家—她将母性的敏感、文学的形象与新闻的真实性融注于笔下，其作品成为见证历史的纪实文学，记录了二次世界大战、阿富汗战争、苏联解体、切尔诺贝利核事故等历史重大事件。作品的主题都非常宏大，既描绘世界，又书写历史。

其实阿列克谢耶维奇获诺贝尔文学奖并不意外，她的作品在全世界已被翻译成35种文字，而且在世界文坛已经拿了很多大奖，如莱比锡图书奖、美国国家书评人奖、德国书业和平奖等。

1988年，阿列克谢耶维奇在阿富汗战场采访。Svetlana Alexievich as a journalist covers Afghanistan in 1988.

非虚构作品的神奇魅力

1986年切尔诺贝利核电站反应堆发生爆炸，作者花费3年时间走访了数百名幸存者，包括救援人员妻子、现场摄影师、教师、医生、农夫、官员，以及被迫撤离的人、重新安置的人，以鲜活笔触记录受污染世界里的骇人景象。这种保留最原始情感，注重人物细节与内心的作品是如此的感动人心。这些深入第一线收集的见证，用文学的笔法转化成当代罕见的纪实文学经典《切尔诺贝利的回忆：核灾难口述史》。

这位女作家在她的创作笔谈中写道：“就是通过那些没有任何人记住的见证者和参与者的讲述而保存下来的。是的，我对此兴趣浓烈，我想能够把它变成文学……产生出时代的特点和生活在其中的人物形象。”

阿列克谢耶维奇的部分著作Some of Svetlana Alexievich’s works have been translated into Chinese.

阿列克谢耶维奇的《我是女兵，也是女人》一书，开创了她那极具个人特色的写作方式。看似纯粹的采访记录，但无论主题的选择、材料的筛选，还是情感氛围的营造，其实都有着巧妙的内在安排。这是一本战争之书，也是一本揭示真相的书。但书的主角不是男人，而是一群参加战争的普通女性。作者花了4年时间，跑了200多个城镇与农村，采访了数百名参加过卫国战争的妇女，笔录了与她们的谈话，全书在此基础上整理、创作而成。该书真实记录了她们亲历的残酷战争以及战火中女兵的感情世界。

之所以通过女性的视角来重新审视这场战争，是因为女性是一群低调、沉默的人。二战中苏联参加卫国战争的女性有100多万。她们中有医生、护士，还有伞兵、坦克兵、重机枪手、狙击手等，但战后她们却惶惑不安，在战争中，她们与男人一样英勇奋战，但是战争结束后，男人佩戴着勋章，赢得了荣誉，男人是胜利者、是英雄，却没人再把目光倾注在这些伤痕累累的女性身上。

这位著名女作家的其他作品同样以真实的故事、感人的细节来表达史诗般的宏大主题。

“非虚构”写作引起广泛关注

在百余年诺贝尔文学奖历史上，纪实风格作品曾两度引入瞩目，曾任英国首相的丘吉尔的6卷本《二战回忆录》、德国历史学家蒙森的《罗马史》，都是文献式写作的煌煌巨著。这次，诺奖的砝码再次倾向了非虚构作品。

从某种程度上来说，阿列克谢耶维奇重新定义了非虚构文学。她以口述史、非虚构的纪实风格，使非虚构文学抵达不朽。而这种成功正是对更宽阔、更具有文化深度文学的理解。这位细心的女作家在采访过程中，不止一次地成为见证者，是那些“闻所未闻的全新故事的唯一倾听者”，更为难能可贵的是，她并非简单地从女权立场进行反思，而是从更为人性的角度，重新寻找富有崇高精神的故事。

非虚构文学的出现，起的就是补足文学大楼空虚的作用，这种强调真实性、独立性、现场感的文学，需要的是大量现场调查，大量的实证，让所有读者知道真实的内容，又带有文学独特的美感。

阿列克谢耶维奇说，她的目的不是写战争的历史，而是写情感的历史，与其说是作家，她更愿被称为“灵魂的史学家”。瑞典文学院常务秘书Sara Danius说，她创造了一个“情感的历史、灵魂的历史”。

在中国文学界，绝大部分是虚构作品，仅有极少数的文学作品是非虚构的或其他类型。而在欧美一些发达国家，尤其是美国，虚构与非虚构作品至少是平分秋色，甚至非虚构作品占的份额还要多一些。这已成为近些年来新的写作与阅读风尚。美国是个大国，读者众多，支撑起《纽约客》这样周发行量超过百万的杂志的，正是非虚构作品。

如何讲述真实的故事，越来越受到重视。“讲述真实故事”是非虚构的核心问题。非虚构写作在某种意义上强调细节的真实，显现出一种对虚构文学的拒绝。作为一种文学的新类型，细节真实的意义不可低估。细节的真实其潜在的含义就是现实比文学更真实。

在我国，“非虚构”写作已引起广泛关注。这种“走向民间”、“以写作见证时代”的风气，甚至形成了一股不小的“中国非虚构”写作潮。非虚构是抵达真实的另一种方式。它以“重大事件”为中心的纪实式写作，侧重个人记忆和主体感悟，更注重于发现、见证、记录那些被时代洪流所遮蔽的事件真相。渴求真实的诉求，反映在文学上，便是当下文学非虚构写作勃兴的真实动因。

白俄罗斯作家阿列克谢耶维奇获得2015年诺贝尔文学奖，正是对非虚构文学的肯定，也将鼓励更多作家及作品，以新的视角打理文学。它昭示着非虚构文学的春天己经来临！

把“诺奖”颁给阿列克谢耶维奇昭示非虚构文学的春天正在到来。The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 indicates the advent of a spring for nonfiction.

Spring of Nonfiction

By Zheng Hanyang

After learning that the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015 was awarded to the Belarusian author Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”, many women journalists acclaimed that it was a triumph of women journalists! She has been described as the first journalist to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Svetlana Alexievich used to work as a journalist before she engaged herself in literary works. She records important events in the human history in her interviews with persons directly involved in these events. Born in 1948 in Ukraine to a Belarusian father and a Ukrainian mother, she studied journalism in Belarusian State University. Her published works include Zinc-Covered Boys, Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster, War’s Unwomanly Face, Last Witnesses: A Hundred of Unchildlike Lullabies, Enchanted with Death.

Gao Mang, a prominent Chinese translator, rendered Zinc-Cov-ered Boys into Chinese in 1999. Gao commented on the book this way: “She wasn’t in the war, but she restored the war in her interviews. The details reveal the realities of the war.” Gao Mang even met Svetlana Alexievich in 1989 when she came to visit China with fellow writers of the Soviet Union. In his memory, Svetlana Alexievich was plainly dressed; her hairstyle was also simple; she looked meditative and her eyes were gray. She spoke modestly and serenely as if she weighed every word carefully. In the eye of Gao Mang as the translator, she does not psycho-analyze her interviewees; she sees their heart and soul and tries to uncover substance in their subconscious. She lets interviewees tell their stories and explain why. Events and truth come out together in her accounts.

Svetlana Alexievich explains that she does not aim to write histories of war. Instead, she writes history of emotions. She prefers to be known as a historian of souls. It is believed that she has redefined nonfiction in literature. Her oral histories and nonfictional accounts have brought the literary genre to immortality.

重大历史事件的见证者与记录者Writer and witness to important historical events

Unlike many fiction writers, Svetlana Alexievich works hard to see people and talk with them. After the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl, she spent three years visiting hundreds of survivors including wives of the rescuers, photographers, teachers, doctors, farmers, government officials, evacuees and those who were forced to resettle down away from home. To write War’s Unwomanly Face, she visited over 100 cities, towns, settlements and villages and recorded the stories and reminiscences of women war veterans. The book eventually has more than 200 women speaking in it, describing how young girls, who dreamed of becoming brides, became soldiers in 1941.

Svetlana Alexievich is the 14th woman author and first journalist awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Her accounts shed light on the historical events such as World War Two, the war in Afghanistan, the fall of the Soviet Union, and the nuclear disaster in Chernobyl. These are huge subjects that portray the world and history.

She had been expected to win the top literary honor for years. Her works have been translated into 35 languages and she had won numerous honors including such prestigious awards as Leipziger Book Prize on European Understanding in 1998, National Book Critics Circle Award in 2005, and Peace Prize of the German Book Trade in 2013.

Svetlana Alexievich is considered important in China when our country is seeing the increasing importance of real stories of human beings. Writers turn to ordinary people and write their stories down as witness to history. Some people say that there is a new wave of nonfiction writing in China now. They believe that nonfiction is another way to reach truth. It centers itself on important events and gives priority to individual memories and feelings. Writers in this field try hard to discover, witness, and record the truth of events previously overwhelmed by history. Truth seeking is the driving force behind the flourishing nonfiction wave in China. Many consider the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 signaled the advent of the spring for nonfiction writing.