董鼎山:一个纽约客的文心乡情
2016-04-13黄文杰
●黄文杰
董鼎山:一个纽约客的文心乡情
●黄文杰
董鼎山Dong Dingshan, who called himself a New Yorker
2015年12月19日,旅居纽约的美籍华裔作家、评论家董鼎山先生,在纽约去世,享年93岁。董鼎山,一个时代的知识分子,通过在《读书》《文汇报》《新民晚报》等报刊撰文和出版等身的著作,开启人们对当代世界文学的认识之途。
甬沪外滩:从商帮家庭走出新锐报人
1922年的宁波江北岸老外滩是一个华洋杂陈、中西文化碰撞的处所。每日大型轮船装载客货,一片拥挤繁忙;百货公司林立马路两边,有大小报关行、外侨设立的洋行、货物堆栈等。董鼎山出生在江北岸里马路的泗洲塘,即现在人民路一带。父亲董振甫在中马路经营着一个有很好名声的店铺—“董顺记颜料号”。在董鼎山的回忆中,小时候住双层五开间前后两进的新式寓宅,阳台有雕花的栏杆,非常华丽。这种精致的住宅在宁波江北外滩现在还保留很多,原先的主人大多是近代甬沪滩上的闻人。
宁波商帮重视教育,而且视野开阔,善于接受新思想。这个新式家庭的父亲把董鼎山送进教会学校读书。他初中就读于宁波斐迪中学,高中在浙东中学,由斐迪中学与三一书院合并而成。抗战爆发后,董鼎山随父亲转到上海复旦附中读书,毕业后进入圣约翰大学。如同大多数商帮家庭,希望孩子从事实业,然而董鼎山却热爱文学,父亲董振甫说:“当作家你一辈子得住亭子间,还是学着做生意吧!”董鼎山斩钉截铁地回答:“住亭子间有啥不好啦,我就是想当作家!”
董鼎山的文学梦始于幼时,与弟弟董乐山从小一起读《封神榜》《西游记》《七侠五义》到《红楼梦》《啼笑因缘》等;董乐山后来也成为著名的翻译家、作家、美国文化研究学者。
董鼎山由斐迪中学的藏书接触到现代小说,喜欢上了巴金的《电》与《火》,深受巴金文学中反抗封建礼教、反对国民党政府统治、追求社会进步与变革的思想影响。他最早发表的为《论战时宁波中等教育》一文,当时还是一名14岁的中学生,因为“七七事变”发生,他对学校不关抗战痛痒的课程非常不满,在课堂上发表意见,老师鼓励他写成文章报稿给宁波《时事公报》副刊,结果刊发后在宁波引起很大的反响。
左图 1944年,在圣约翰大学;右图 1945年,圣约翰大学毕业照Left: Dong Dingshan in St John University in 1944; Dong Dingshan graduated from St. John University in 1945.
在上海圣约翰大学英文系,董鼎山攻读英国文学,在哈代、狄更斯、莎士比亚、弥尔顿等人的原文著作中汲取文学营养,并深受鲁迅先生所编上海《申报》副刊《自由谈》影响。这时,他被著名编辑柯灵所赏识,他的作品经常在柯灵所编的副刊如《世纪风》《草原》《笔会》上,以坚卫等笔名发表。同时,董鼎山也为《万象》《杂志》《幸福》等期刊撰写小说、散文、影评。他还在沈寂主编的《幸福》月刊上用“令狐彗”的笔名发表言情小说,据说曾迷倒无数妙龄少女,并出版过小说集《幻想的土地》。而董鼎山一生似乎对言情创作并不重视,而是倾情于在柯灵所编报刊上撰写言论。大学毕业后,他先后在《辛报》《申报》《东南日报》当编辑与记者,大约两年时间,这也就是董鼎山以老报人自称的原因。
1947年董鼎山赴美留学,当他再次回到宁波时,已是两鬓染霜,那是阔别故乡41年的1988年了。
1983年圣诞节合家福A family picture taken on Christmas Day 1983
天下真小:董鼎山开启的西方文艺视野
《天下真小》是三联出版社1984年出版的董鼎山的第一本结集。取书名“天下真小”,意思是表达在这个越来越缩小的世界中,搭建一座文化桥梁,来增进美国与中国互相了解的愿望。
本来,董鼎山打算在美留学三四年,但因时事变迁巨大,最终未能回国,成为留美游子。先在密苏里大学读新闻学硕士;因中文报刊生存艰难,11年后,董鼎山改读哥伦比亚大学图书馆学硕士,毕业后成为纽约市立大学教授,直至1989年退休。
董鼎山立志成为作家,却以报人、教授立身,而作家的副业却又让他获得巨大声誉。他早年为《纽约时报》《洛杉矶时报》《美联社特写》等撰写英文稿;后又长期为纽约《侨报》写作专栏,《侨报》曾向董鼎山颁发“美国华裔作家终身成就奖”。但最为辉煌的还是接受《读书》杂志约稿,开设“纽约通讯”专栏。董鼎山在《董鼎山文集·自序》中回忆,1978年,他回国在北京见到了弟弟董乐山带来的老友冯亦代。冯亦代是《读书》的主创者之一,专攻美国文学,他请求董鼎山开栏目介绍以美国当代文坛为中心的美国文化,于是董鼎山用重新拾起的中文写作。
当时国门刚刚打开,对外文化隔绝三十多年,国内知识分子对美国文坛可以说毫不知情,这位“纽约客”以己之长适时打开了一个国人睁眼看世界的重要窗口。董鼎山在17年专栏写作中,连续发表近百篇文章,几乎构成一个时代的“西风窗”缩影,厄普代克、诺曼·梅勒、海明威、艾伦·坡、菲利普·罗斯、凯鲁·亚克等一批二十世纪伟大作家及其作品,大都是通过他的笔墨向国内传播,并得到普及;许多读者是看到董鼎山的介绍文章后,再进一步去追踪自己感兴趣的作家、作品。
董鼎山又是一个性情中人,热情真挚,坦率开朗;遇事刚正不阿、嫉恶如仇。他介绍美国作家客观公正,既赞赏他们的才华,也不掩饰他们的恶习。他不认为美国的文化便是至善至美。他常常以嘲讽的口吻来谈美国,这在他的各本专著中随处可见。他的文笔活泼质朴、自由自在,这种言论立场与语态风格也极为当时知识分子所喜爱。
董鼎山的文章属于报人写作,表现为深入浅出、亲切随意的智识言谈,体例上更接近于通讯,与板起面孔同受众有距离感的学术文章不同。董鼎山认为书评有两种,一种是推介,一种是评论,他把自己的作品归属于推介。日积月累的阅读与写作使他能够融会贯通,他的作品极有趣味与深度。他说:“要讨论一个作家、一本作品,首先要把主题融通消化。然后不但加上自己的意见,也渗入自己的风格,把读者慢慢地吸引入我自己所能享受的境界。”香港“读书良友文库”主编杜渐,曾这样评论董鼎山的文风:“像他那样把文章写得既平易又深刻,是极不容易的,越是清醇的酒越难酿,浅白而又有深意的文章,也最难写。”后来《读书》文体转向严正的学术,喜欢随意作文的董鼎山渐渐淡出了《读书》。
1988年,董鼎山又结集出版《西窗漫记》,连同第一本书集《天下真小》两书风行一时。继《读书》之后,又有《博览群书》杂志邀请他开设“纽约传真”专栏;后又有香港、台北的报刊也纷纷约稿,他的创作进入了高峰期,陆续结集为《书、人、事》《留美三十年》《西边拾叶》《美国作家与作品》《西窗拾叶》《第三种读书》《纽约文化扫描》《董鼎山文集》《自己的视角》《纽约客闲话》《美国梦的另一面》等20余种书,被视为“影响整整一代读书人”。2000年12月,董鼎山荣获纽约国际文化艺术中心颁发的“终身贡献奖”。这是给这位半个世纪以来从事中美文化交流的使者之最高奖励。
董鼎山(右)与妻子蓓琪晚年合影Dong Dingshan and his wife in their evening years
情系故土:“联合国”中的“老宁波”
董鼎山久居美国,但热爱祖国的赤子之心未泯。读他的书,时时可感他对中华传统文化的挚爱、对祖国对故乡的拳拳爱心。
董鼎山不只是“美国文学大使”,同时又是一个挚爱故土的游子,乐于把中国文艺界的情况传递给外国。1973年,经周恩来总理特批,董鼎山首次以海外归国观摩的“专栏作家”身份抵京访问后,以饱含挚情的笔墨,写下了大量优美的散文随笔作品,先在美国报刊刊出,随后各国报刊纷纷转载,影响极大。在参与美国著名出版家H·W·Wilson所编的《世界作家辞典》时,他义不容辞地致力于中国作家小传的撰写。茅盾、巴金、老舍、艾青、王蒙、张洁、杨绛、张贤亮、冯骥才、谌容、陆文夫等,都是由他撰写并收录。可以说,定居美国50多年,董鼎山已然是美国公民,但又是一个真正的中国人,一个文化意识与感情归属上的中国人,是殷殷厚望于祖国故土早日富强统一的中国人。
1988年,董鼎山应浙东中学时的老同学、宁波大学首任校长朱兆祥之邀到宁波大学讲学。当时他返国已约10次,但回乡还是第一次,也是唯一的一次。在老家待了两个月,这是董鼎山最为陶醉、最为过瘾的日子,一方面能以自身图书馆管理专业资深学者身份与宁波大学等展开深入交流,另一方面重访故地家园,老外滩的幼时光景、母校的变迁都让他唏嘘不已。在《父亲的“背影”》一文中,他回忆的正是在宁波老外滩时光。那一天他告别到宁波来处理店务的父亲,而这一别竟是永不相见。少小离家老大回的董鼎山,满口宁波话,也让接待的人员惊讶不已。一次,一位宁波大学的友人请董鼎山到一餐馆用餐,问他要吃什么,董鼎山立即说:臭豆腐、臭冬瓜。后来他记录这件事,说:“我白米饭连吃五碗,在座老乡们与堂倌大惊失色(当时我66岁)。20年后我仍在梦想。”
董鼎山的家庭是个典型的“联合国”:中国人娶瑞典人为妻,女儿是美国人。在通常的印象中,异国婚姻是不牢固的,然而他与夫人蓓琪却达到中国人所崇尚的那种白头偕老的圆满境界。而他们婚姻圆满幸福的秘笈,董鼎山认为源于夫人对中国文化的钟爱。蓓琪烧得一手好吃的中国菜,董鼎山喜欢吃的红烧肉是她的保留节目。在每年春节,全家一定要吃团圆饭,铺大红桌布、点红蜡烛,给外孙女分压岁钱,营造喜庆气氛。当然,在年夜饭中,一定有老家宁波的套菜“十大碗”。“真的是中国所谓贤妻良母”,董鼎山如是说。蓓琪以她的善良与真情赢得了所有亲友的喜爱。回宁波那次,家乡的故旧都对这位宁波洋媳妇充满好感与尊敬。
Dong Dingshan: New Yorker of Chinese Heart
By Huang Wenjie
The 93-year-old Dong Dingshan passed away in New Yorker on December 19, 2015. When the news reached China, Chinese intelligentsia mourned the essayist and commentator who over the past decades published numerous essays in influential Chinese media such as Wenhua News and Xinmin Evening News, two Shanghai-based news media and Reading, a Beijing-based review of books. His insight and enlightening comments on a full range of subjects opened a window on the literary world for Chinese who had just put an end to the chaos and were eager to see and understand the outside world.
董鼎山在纽约书房(摄于2012年9月15日)Dong Dingshan in his study in New York on September 15, 2012
Dong Dingshan was born in 1922 to a family of businesspeople of Ningbo, a port city in eastern Zhejiang and opposite of Shanghai across the giant Hangzhou Bay. He attended a local church school. After World War II broke, he went to Shanghai. Eventually he enrolled as an English major at Saint John’s University, one of the best universities in Asia of those days. After graduation, he worked for two years as a commentator and contributed essays to local newspapers in Shanghai. That was why in later years he considered himself as a newsman.
He went to the United States to further his studies in 1947. After attaining master degrees in journalism and library science, he taught at the City University of New York until he retired in 1989. Though he didn’t write novels as he had aspired to in his boyhood years, he became a writer for Ed-Op pages of various prestigious news media including New York Times, Los Angeles Times, and AP features. In particular, he wrote a column for decades for a local Chinese newspaper entitled Qiao Bao or the China Press.
After living so many years in America, he finally managed to come back home for the first time in 1973. He traveled in China and wrote essays about what he witnessed. These essays were reprinted in overseas newspapers and magazines.
In 1978, he came back again. Through his younger brother Dong Leshan, a famed translator, he met with Feng Yidai, who was then in charge of launching a monthly review of books for Chinese intellectuals. Dong Dingshan and Feng Yidai talked and Dong agreed to write a column about literature for the magazine. Dong contributed to the monthly for 17 years and his essays opened a great window on important names in American literature such as John Updike, Norman Mailer, Ernest Hemingway, Edgar Allan Poe, Phillip Roth and Jack Kerouc. Many Chinese read these essays and went on to read the books Dong had recommended. It was not until the magazine turned more academic that Dong stopped contributing his essays to it.
2006年董鼎山与著名学者、作家夏志清、王渝、巫一毛等聚会纽约。The picture captures a moment when Dong Dingshan meets with Xia Zhiqing, Wang Yu and Wu Yimao in New York in 2006.
Dong wrote for general readers. He considered his book reviews as recommendations, not as in-depth criticism. The essays, which were dynamic, candid, and free of fancy or academic words and phrases, appealed to Chinese readers in that particular historical period. He wrote about American writers in an objective and fair way: praising their talents and mentioning their defects. Dong didn’t think American culture was perfect. In some cases his ironic tone was sharp.
Pretty soon, Dong had established himself as a popular writer in Chinese media. Two collections he published in 1988 made his reputation go far and wide. He began to write for other magazines on the mainland as well as in Hong Kong and Taipei. All these articles were reprinted in his collections and reached more readers. Altogether, he published more than 20 collections of his essays in China. He is described an influence on the whole generation of readers. He also wrote entries on prominent Chinese novelists for a database of international authors published by H. W. Wilson, an American company that provides print and digital content aimed at patrons of public school, college, and professional libraries in both the United States and internationally.
In December 2000, he was awarded Life Achievement Award issued by New York Culture and Art Media Center for his contribution to the dialogue between China and USA.