研磨高考命题类型 实现阅读能力目标

河南 许姿仑 庞先庆（特级教师）

研磨高考命题类型 实现阅读能力目标

河南 许姿仑 庞先庆（特级教师）

阅读理解题已成为高考英语试卷全面评估学生英语水平的重要测试题型，在做阅读理解题时，就不同的命题方式，考生容易出各种各样的问题。那么如何在有限的时间内高效、准确地做好“阅读理解”呢？下面让我们一起把脉高考英语“阅读理解”五大经典题型。

一、如何做“细节理解题”？

【典题链接】（2015全国新课标卷I，阅读D篇）

Conflict is on the menu tonight at the café La Chope. This evening，as on every Thursday night，psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France’s favorite pastimes，coffee drinking and the “talking cure”. Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings. It isn’t always easy. The customers—some thirty Parisians who pay just under $2 （plus drinks） per session—are quick to intellectualize （高谈阔论），slow to open up and connect. “You are forbidden to say ‘one feels’ or ‘people think’，”Lehane told them. “Say ‘I think’ ‘Think me’.”

32.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?

A. Learn a new subject.

B. Keep in touch with friends.

C. Show off their knowledge.

D. Express their true feelings.

【解题关键】D。第一段中的“Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.”表明，the café La Chope鼓励人们表达自己的真实情感。

【典题链接】（2010湖北卷，阅读D篇）

Only a third of the book remains after that discussion，which Armstrong devotes to specific tips for studying languages，math，science and history....As a matter of fact，they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do，though the study differs slightly in kind....As a result，the discussion misses the entire computer age.

64. The author of the passage insists that learning the arts ________.

A. requires great efforts

B. demands real passion

C. is less natural than learning maths

D. is as natural as learning a language

【解题关键】A。根据文章中的“As a matter of fact，they demand all the concentration and study that math and science do，though the study differs slightly in kind.”可知，学习艺术虽然要有先天的禀赋，然而与学习数学和理科一样也需要后天的努力。

【解题技巧】一篇文章都是围绕某一中心或话题展开，并通过大量事实细节来支撑、阐述和解释。弄清细节是正确把握文章主旨的前提。细节题往往问到文章的某一具体段落、句子，甚至某一具体单词或短语，但多数细节题不采用文段中的原话，通常以释义或转换的形式设计题目。

★常见的细节题提问形式有：

① When/Where did the story happen?

②Which of the following is true in the passage?

③According to the passage，who/when/where/what/ why/how______.

④Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

⑤Which of the following is TRUE/NOT true?

【技巧点拨】回顾详细事实→辨认细节

【能力解读】解答细节题时，一般采用寻读法，即先读题，然后带着问题快速阅读短文，找到与设问内容相关的词语或句子，借助于同义词、同义结构或计算解题。

二、如何做“主旨大意题”？

【典题链接】（2010上海卷，阅读C篇）

The 2012 London Olympics had enough problems to worry about. But one more has just been added—a communications blackout caused by solar storms.

After a period of calm within the sun，scientists have detected the signs of a flesh cycle of sunspots that could peak in 2012，just in time for the arrival of the Olympic torch in London.

75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Solar Storms：An Invisible Killer

B. Solar Storms：Earth Environment in Danger

C. Solar Storms：Threatening the Human Race

D. Solar Storms：Human Activities to Be Troubled

【解题关键】D。根据文章第一段和其整体理解可知：“太阳风暴：人类活动将受到困扰”，这个题目符合本文的意境。

【解题技巧】主旨大都涉及文章的主题、中心思想、标题或写作意图等，是作者在文章中要表达的核心内容。把握了一篇文章或一个段落的主旨有助于对文章中具体事实和细节的理解。

★主旨题的提问方式：

①Which of the following best describes the main point of the passage?

②What is the writer trying to tell us?

③Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

④The main （general） idea of the passage is_______.

【技巧点拨】把握文章主题→理解主旨

【能力解读】解答主旨题时，可采用略读浏览法。一篇文章的主题往往出现在文章首尾段的首尾句上。对于没有主题句或没有主题段和收尾段的文章，宜采用提纲挈领法及综合概括法，从具体的细节阐述中提炼出要点，概括出文章的中心。

三、如何做“推理判断题”？

【典题链接】（2014安徽卷，阅读E篇）

Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy，healthy，contributing adult. In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city ，helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there .

74. It can be concluded from the passage that anyone can become a changemaker if he_______.

A. considers Drayton’s concept

B. gets permission from Ashoka

C. tries to improve social conditions

D. is a young，happy and healthy adult

【解题关键】C。考查推理判断。根据第二段第三句“If you see a problem that you care about，you can help solve it”以及第五句“In fact，it is many young people’s ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions”可知，应选C项。

【解题技巧】一篇短文的结构或情节线索必须符合逻辑。作者常常把某些情况的发展留给读者推断，只有正确无误地理解了短文内容之后，才可能找到“不言自明”的结论或答案。一般说来，考生应该已经具备了这一层次的分析、归纳、推理能力，此类题真正考查的仍是考生的语言水平、英语阅读及理解的能力。

★推断题的提问形式有：

①It can be inferred/concluded from the text that_______.

②We can conclude that________.

③What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?

④What does the author probably mean by “_______”?

⑤Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

【技巧点拨】根据内在联系→推理判断

【能力解读】解答推理判断题时，要按照逻辑发展的规律，对文章中阐述的事实或细节进行分析和概括，得出合乎逻辑的结论；解题时，要以已知的事实为依据，来获得未知的信息，即善于用文章中明确表示的内容，进行正确的推理，以挖掘作者的隐含意思。

四、如何做“词义猜测题”？

【典题链接】（2015全国新课标卷I，阅读C篇）

The fine selection of the major works was done in close collaboration（合作）with the Museo Nacional Reina Sofia in Madrid，Spain，and with contributions from other institutions like the Salvador Dali Museum in St. Petersburg，Florida.

31. What does the word“contributions” in the last paragraph refer to?

A. Artworks. B. Projects.

C. Donations. D. Documents.

【解题关键】A。考查词义猜测。根据最后一段可知，多家博物馆通力合作，共同精选展出作品。文中提到像西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼德斯堡的博物馆这样的机构也提供萨尔瓦多达利的作品参加展览。由此推测，contributions指“作品”，故选A项。

【解题技巧】近几年来，阅读理解中词义猜测题的考查呈上升趋势。阅读文章时常常会遇到一些生词或短语，或熟词新义。这种不使用词典而通过阅读去认识词（语）的能力是学生所必须具备的。

★此类题的提问形式有：

①Which of the following is the nearest/closest in meaning to the word...？

②The word...could best be replaced by________.

③The word...（Line...Para....）means （refers to）________.

④According to the passage，...probably means_______.

⑤By...，the writer means________.

【技巧点拨】巧借行文线索→猜测词语

【能力解读】解答这类题时，一般可利用上下文所提供的线索进行词义猜测。能帮助读者猜测词义的上下文线索通常有定义或解释、构词法、同义词或近义词、反义词、举例、因果关系、同位关系、对比、因果、转折、让步等逻辑关系或标点符号等。

五、如何做“意图态度题”？

【典题链接】（2010四川卷，阅读C篇）

Alex London Research Laboratory（ALRL） is part of Alex Co.，Ltd.，a major Australian medicine-making company....

A position is now open for a Research Operations Manager（ROM） to support our growing research team at the new laboratories in Hatfield，due to open in the autumn of 2010.

......

Candidates（申请人） will have experience of both management and research support/technical services...

If you are interested in this position，please send your CV（简历）to Alex London Research Laboratory，University College London，Hatfield，London，W1E6B7 or by email to ALRL@alex.co.uk. For more information，please visit www. alex.co.uk.

52. What is the purpose of the text?

A. To describe the job of a ROM.

B. To provide information about ALRL.

C. To announce an open position at ALRL.

D. To make known the opening of the new laboratories.

【解题关键】C。本篇文章为广告招聘。目的自然是让大家了解ALRL公司有一公开招聘的职位。故选C项。

【典题链接】（2010天津卷，阅读D篇）

And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art? One of the common problems with making excuses is that people，especially young people，get the idea that it’s okay not to be totally honest all the time. There is a corollary（直接推论）to that：if a good excuse is “good” even if it isn’t honest，then where is the place of the truth?

54. What is the author’s opinion about a good excuse?

A. Making a good excuse is sometimes a better policy.

B. Inventing a good excuse needs creative ideas.

C. A good excuse is as rewarding as honesty.

D. Bitter truth is better than a good excuse.

【解题关键】D。根据最后一段“And what is wrong with a society that thinks that making up a good excuse is like creating a work of art...then where is the place of the truth”可知，作者在反思一种错误思想，编造好的借口就如创造艺术，尽管不诚实，但大家感到很正常，但是真情在哪儿呢？说明作者反对编造好的借口。故选D项。

【解题技巧】一篇文章都有其特定的写作目的。这些目的往往并不一定直接用话语表达出来，而是隐含于字里行间。作者期望读者能够透过文章字面意思，领会其言外之意，弦外之音。高层次的阅读理解题会涉及作者态度或写作意图以及隐喻此类问题。

★此类题的提问形式有：

①The author’s view is_______.

②The author thinks/suggests that_______.

③Which of the following can best describe the attitude of the author towards________?

④The purpose of the passage is_______.

【技巧点拨】透过字面意思→领会意图

【能力解读】解答这类题时，主要是判断作者本人的态度和观点，一定要与文章所论述或叙述的内容区别开，可通过文章的措辞，上下文关系，人物性格以及文章的文体结构等来判断。因为同样的内容和事实，不同的作者会有不同的态度和看法，不能用读者本人的观点来解释。

【小结】英语文本常见的文体有记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文（包括广告、新闻等）。近几年，在“阅读理解并选择最佳答案”和“完形填空”等原有常规文本形式的基础上，各地高考试题英语文本呈现方式有所创新，出现了“七选五”“语法填空”“阅读填空”“任务型阅读”“阅读表达”“信息匹配”“读写任务”“选择语篇小标题”“情景对话”等较新的文本类型，尽管题型多样化，但都突出了基于语言知识和阅读技能结合在一起的综合语言运用能力的目标达成与考查。

在以上诸多文本题型中，常规“阅读理解”是英语高考试卷中的一个重要题型，其分值高、题量大。该文本题型要求考生能够读懂有关日常生活话题的简短的文本材料，例如公告、说明、广告以及书本、报刊和杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文本。文本阅读题材呈多样化，包括科普、社会文化、政治、史地、经济、新闻报道等，体裁包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文等，以考查考生的语言运用能力为主文本目标、语言知识为辅文本目标的综合语言运用能力。

（作者单位：河南省镇平县雪枫中学）