状语从句常见易错考点剖析
2016-04-08湖北李银霞
湖北 李银霞 张 佩
状语从句常见易错考点剖析
湖北 李银霞 张 佩
状语从句是指复合句中修饰主句的动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的从句,根据用途可把状语从句分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、比较、方式状语从句等九种。状语从句是高中阶段英语语法的重点,也是历年高考的常考点。高考对状语从句的考查出现在高考英语试卷中的完形填空、阅读理解、阅读七选五、语篇型语法填空和短文改错等题型中。状语从句的考查重点是从属连词用法的辨析、主从句时态的呼应及状语从句的倒装等。本文通过对学生在考试中经常出现的有关状语从句的易错考点进行剖析,帮助学生探索解题技巧,更好地掌握状语从句的基本语法知识。
一、时间/条件状语从句中时态的误用
【典例1】(改编自2015·北京卷·32)If the damage _____(do),it will take many years for the farmland to recover.
【答案】is done。错因分析:部分考生忽略了if 引导的条件状语从句要用一般现在时表示将来的用法,错误地根据时态一致原则误填了will be done。
【解析与点拨】在从属连词if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that 等引导的条件状语从句中,从句谓语动词常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,用一般过去时代替过去将来时。
【典例2】Tell him the nuns as soon as he___(arrive).
【答案】arrives。错因分析:考生认为事情还没有发生而用一般将来时,错填will arrive。
【解析与点拨】本题是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,由主句时态可知,从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来,所以答案是arrives。在when,before,after,once,until,till,as soon as,the moment,the minute,the instant等从属连词引导的时间状语从句中,从句谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来或用一般过去时表示过去将来。
二、地点状语从句中引导词的误用
【典例1】What a neat philosophy it is to never give up looking for a way to get_____you are supposed to go!
【答案】where。错因分析:考生误认为这是宾语从句而错用what。
【解析与点拨】“get”在此处为不及物动词,表示“到达”,后面不能接宾语,所以此句不应该是宾语从句。再结合语境可知,此处应用where,是where引导的地点状语从句。状语从句与宾语从句的区别在于:宾语从句是句子作及物动词或介词的宾语,如果句子置于复合句句首并且用逗号隔开,此时句子常为状语从句。
【典例2】I can go______I want just by driving my own car. I feel the whole world is under my control.
【答案】wherever。错因分析:考生认为这是一个简单的地点状语从句而误填where。
【解析与点拨】根据语境“I feel the whole world is under my control”可知,此处应用 wherever 引导地点状语从句。wherever意为“任何地方”。注意where引导的定语从句与状语从句的区别。where引导定语从句时,从句前必须有表示具体地点或抽象地点的名词作先行词,而where引导地点状语从句时,其前则不需要有名词作先行词。
三、让步状语从句易错点
【典例1】(改编自2012·陕西卷·18)Hot_____ the night air was,we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.
【答案】as/though。错因分析:考生易误用although,因为考生可能仅注意到了前后两句话之间是让步关系,而although,though与as都可引导让步状语从句。
【解析与点拨】although引导让步状语从句时,从句不用倒装形式;as引导让步状语从句时常把名词、形容词、副词或者动词置于as之前,此时也可用though,其结构为:n./adj./adv./v. +as/though+主语+谓语。如果表语是名词,当被置于as之前时,即使其前面有形容词修饰也不用冠词。如:Pop star as/though she is,she still needs to improve.
【典例2】Although Mr. Green is very rich,_____he is not happy.
【答案】yet。错因分析:不少考生看到这道题目,可能会认为这道题的答案很难确定,因为although引导让步状语从句时不能与but连用。
【解析与点拨】though,although 两个词都有“虽然”“尽管”之意,在引导让步状语从句时都不能与but连用,但可以与yet或still连用。although与though相比,前者比较正式,引导的从句多用于主句之前,而由though引导的从句既可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。此外though还可作副词,意为“可是、然而”,置于句末,如:He said he would come;he didn’t,though。而although无此用法。
【典例3】(改编自2013·江西卷·30)_____one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.
【答案】Whichever。错因分析:考生可能会误填No matter which。
【解析与点拨】however,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,whichever等在状语从句中等同于no matter how/what/who/where/when/which,但在名词性从句中不能等同,同学们在平时的复习备考时一定要注意:no matter how/what/who/where/when/which等只能引导状语从句而不能引导名词性从句。本题考查的是名词性从句而不是状语从句。
四、引导状语从句的连词when与引导并列句的连词and的误用
【典例】(改编自2011·浙江卷·4)On Friday,we were packing to leave for a weekend away______my daughter heard cries for help.
【答案】when。错因分析:考生可能会误填and,原因是考生只注意到空格前后两个分句之间为并列关系,却忽视了前一个分句提供的语境。
【解析与点拨】此典例中when的意义为“就在这时”,等同于and then/just at that time,考生不要把它理解为“当……的时候”,类似的关于when的句型有:
1. was/were doing something...when
2. was/were about to do something...when
3. was/were on the point of doing something...when
4. had just done something...when
五、句型“It +be+时间+since/before/that/when...”的误用
【典例1】It was yesterday_____I met Mary in the park.
【答案】that。错因分析:学生看到yesterday为表示时间的名词就容易误填when。
【典例2】It is three years_____Mr. Li worked here,but now he works in another company.
【答案】since。错因分析:学生易误填before,that或when,原因可能是他们将这个句子理解成了一个强调句或者是含有before/when时间状语的句型。
【典例3】(改编自2015·重庆卷·4)If you miss this chance,it may be years_____you get another one.
【答案】before。错因分析:本题学生易错填when,原因可能是学生没有理解此题的句意和语境。
【典例4】(改编自2015·江西卷·35)It was the middle of the night_____my father woke me up and told me to watch the football game.
【答案】when。错因分析:本题学生易误填that或before等,原因可能是他们没有理解语境,误认为设空处缺少一个连词来引导时间状语从句,表示“当……的时候”。
【解析与点拨】在“It+be+时间+since/that/before/when...”句型中,连词的选择应根据以下规则:用when时,时间为时间点,如two o’clock;用since时,意义为“自从……以来已多久了”;用that 且句型中的“时间”为时间状语时,句子则为强调句型,将结构“It is/was...that”去掉后句子仍成立。It is/was+时间段+before从句,表示“过了多久才……”,要求前后时态一致;It is+时间+since从句,要求since从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时,如果since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词,则常译成否定的意思。
【巩固练习】
1. As young men,we should learn to stand up_____we fell.
2. It was not until five o’clock_____I arrived at my home.
3. It will be half a year_____you graduate from the school.
4. I had just finished my work_____it began to rain heavily.
5. Try_____he might,he couldn’t solve the problem.
6. I believe you will have a wonderful time here_____ you get to know everyone else.
7. _____the weather is like tomorrow,our ship will set sail for Macao.
8. _____there is a snowstorm or some other bad weather,the mail always comes on time.
9. Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice,_____ if they knew it to be valuable.
10. The people who live in a village always keep candles in the house in_____there is a power out.
11. It’s difficult for us to learn a lesson in life_____ we’ve actually had that lesson.
12. We had to wait half an hour_____we had already booked a table.
13. He shut the window with such force_____the glass broke.
14. I know how to light a camp fire_____I had done it before.
15. It is two years______we began to learn English.
16._____they looked nearly everything was destroyed.
17. The police officers in our city work hard so_____the rest of us can live a safe life.
18. Jack wasn’t saying anything, but the teacher smiled at him,_____if he had done something very clever.
19. Now_____you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents.
20. No sooner had we arrived______it began to rain.
【参考答案】
1. where 2. that 3. before 4. when 5. as 或though 6. once 7. Whatever 8. Unless 9. even 10. case 11. until 12. although/though 13. that 14. because 15. since 16. Everywhere 17. that 18. as 19. that 20. than
(作者单位:湖北省枣阳市第一中学)
留学趣事一则
留学生初到国外,总是或多或少会把“Chinglish”带出国门。那些不地道的英语差点儿让外国人崩溃。同学们都闹出过怎样的笑话?不妨道来大家听听。
留学前,我觉得自己英文还行,甚至讲起英语来还有口头禅,总爱模仿美剧中美国人的口音,说话前先来句“You know...”作为开场白。当时感觉,这样开始对话会产生些许亲近感,能马上跟对方套上近乎。
我们有一门考试是要跟导师面对面坐下交谈的。因为平时上课我提问比较多,暗自感觉她应该蛮喜欢我的。而且我接触到的美国人普遍给人的感觉都是容易相处的,所以即使是老师,大家面对面时也能像朋友一样。考试的时候,我也想借此营造一种轻松平等的对话氛围。记得我当时被问及的题目是“你如何看待嘉年华这种形式”。我习惯性地脱口而出:“You know,I haven’t had any carnival before,but...”
正当我准备炫耀自己的英语口语时,只见对方面无表情地瞪了我一眼,毫不客气地打断说:“I don’t know.”突然间我尴尬得无地自容。更难堪的是,老师还紧接着用质疑的口吻补充道:“Really?You don’t have any carnival before?”那表情仿佛在告诉我,“你从没经历过嘉年华?怎么来回答这个问题?怎么发表你的见解?”
我就知道接下去的对话可能不会简单进行了,更别提想得高分了……
提示:“You know...”是一个非正式的表达,所以不适合用于这样的正式场合,也最好不要跟导师这么说。
(摘自网络,有删改)