完形填空解题技巧之词汇复现

贵州 李进才

完形填空解题技巧之词汇复现

贵州 李进才

“词汇复现”是一种词汇衔接手段，它通过原词、同根词、同义词/近义词、反义词、上下义词、概括性词以及其他形式等，重复出现在文章中，表达某一概念，使整篇文章上下连贯，有机地衔接在一起。因此，在做完形填空题时，我们可以根据文章的具体语境，理解文章的结构和语义，利用文中的词汇复现现象来选择正确的答案。

一、原词复现

原词复现是指同一个单词在上下文中重复出现，从而达到文章衔接的目的。笔者通过对近几年高考英语试题的研究发现，原词复现是解答完形填空题时最常用到的一种解题线索。

【例1】（2016全国新课标卷Ⅱ）Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（装置） on your desk.And they’ve never actually 41 you...

For years I dealt with my travel agent only by phone.Rani，my faceless agent whom I’d never met 47（in person），...

41.A.accepted B.noticed

C.heard D.met

【解析】根据文章可知，作者先总说“很多人只是通过桌上的电话了解你，事实上他们从来都没有见过你”，后举例，由下文“Rani，my faceless agent whom I’d never met 47（in person）”中的“met”可知，答案为D项。

【例2】（2016江苏卷）Years ago，a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever.I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.While we were 36（eating），Kurt asked me，“John，what is your 37 for personal growth?”

...Kurt 41（listened）patiently，but then he 42（finally）smiled and said，“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?”

37.A.suggestion B.demand

C.plan D.request

【解析】根据第42空后“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?（你没有个人成长计划，对吧？）”中的“plan”可知，答案为C项。

【例3】（2016四川卷）Lainey finished third grade.She had good grades and could read 41（above_）grade level，but she did not like to read.On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter，as a surprise for her 42（niece）.But Lainey took one look at it， 43（rolled）her eyes，and said，“Boring!”

......

“How can you say it’s 48 ? Have you read it?”asked Aunt Dede.

“No，it’s too long and it doesn’t have any 49 .”complained Lainey.

48.A.amazing B.boring

C.ridiculous D.humorous

49.A.pictures B.stories

C.adventures D.conversations

【解析】48题选B。此处与43空后的“Boring” 相呼应。49题选A。由50题后的句意可知，此处指的是下文中的“pictures”。

【例4】（2014江西卷）“I know it’s 40（hard）for you，”Mum said softly.“But I’m just worried other people might think we’re a little...strange.And then they would make fun of you.”

“No，they wouldn’t，Mum，” James protested.“We’re not 41 at all.”

翟大姐如今已经踏入农资行业20年了。她最大的乐趣就是听她的用户去她的店里“显摆”。“我今年玉米打了3万多斤啊，我今年小麦打了4万多斤啊……”“那时候一看见他们的笑脸我就特别开心。”翟大姐在向记者讲述自己的乐趣时，自己的脸上也同样洋溢起了幸福的微笑。

41.A.strange B.normal

C.popular D.anxious

【解析】此处与上文的“strange”相呼应。故选A项。

【例5】（2007辽宁卷）What made him sad was 37（that）his piano teacher in Beijing didn’t like him．“You have no talent（天赋）．You will never be a pianist.” 38（As）a nine-year-old boy，Lang Lang was badly 39（hurt）.He decided that he didn’t want to be a 40 any more．For the next two weeks，he didn’t touch the piano.41（Wisely），his father didn’t push，but waited．

40.A.singer B.pianist

C.conductor D.player

【解析】由语境可知，此处指的是前文“You will never be a pianist.”中的“pianist”，故选B项。

二、同根词复现

同根词复现是指由相同词根构成的单词在文章中反复出现。它们的词义、词性、词形都有可能不同，如：succeed，success，successful，unsuccessful。同根词复现主要考查动词的词形变化、动词和名词之间的相互转化。

【例1】（2016江苏卷） But more importantly，we made a commitment to 54 together as a couple.From that day on，we learned together，traveled together，and sacrificed together.It was a 55（wise）decision.While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.

54.A.grow B.survive

C.move D.gather

【解析】根据语境和下文“While too many couples grow apart，we were growing together.”中的“growing”可知，此处应填growing的同根词grow，答案为A项。

【例2】（2014湖南卷）The summer before I went off to college，Mum stood me in her usual spot behind the ironing board（烫衣板）and said，“Pay attention： I’m going to teach you to iron.”

......

As for technique，Mum 43 me to begin with the flat spaces outward，always pushing the iron forward into wrinkled（有褶皱的） parts.

43.A.taught B.chose

C.forced D.sent

【解析】根据语境和上文“...Pay attention：I’m going to teach you to iron.”中的“teach”可知，此处应填teach的词形变化词taught，答案为A项。

【例3】（ 2010北京卷）She trusted me to complete things，so I completed them perfectly...Her 54 in me has inspired me to do things that I never imagined...

54.A.trust B.patience

C.curiosity D.interest

【解析】由“She trusted me to complete things”中的“trusted”和语义可知，此处凸显的是“信任”，故选A项。

【例4】（2011广东卷）It has been argued by some that gifted children should be grouped in special classes.The 1 has based on the belief that in regular classes these children are held back in their intellectual（智力的） growth by 2（learnin_g） situations that are designed for the 3（average）children.

1.A.principle B.theory

C.argument D.classification

【解析】根据句意和第一句中的“argued”可知，此空指代的信息点是argued的同根词argument，故选C项。

【例5】（2008全国卷Ⅰ）After the birth of my second child，I got a job at a restaurant.Having worked with an experienced 36 for a few days，I was 37（allowed）to wait tables on my own.

36.A.manager B.assistant

C.cook D.waitress

【解析】根据语境和后文中的“I was 37（allowed）to wait tables on my own.”可知，此处考查的是wait的同根词waitress，答案为D项。

三、同义词/近义词复现

同义词/近义词复现是指意义相同或相近的单词在文章中反复出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。在完形填空试题中，我们可以利用这种衔接方式找到要填入单词的同义词或近义词，同时也就找到了试题的答案。

【例1】（2016江苏卷） I told him about the many activities in which I was 39（involved）.And I went into a 40 about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.I must have talked for ten minutes.

40.A.lecture B.speech

C.discussion D.debate

【解析】由语境和语义可知，此处与下一句中的“talked”相呼应，两者意义相同，故选B项。

【例2】（2016四川卷）Aunt Dede，a teacher，had read the book to her students，and they loved it.44（Even）the youngest children in the class were 45 by the story.

45.A.surprised B.annoyed

C.puzzled D.attracted

【解析】由语境和语义可知，此处与前一句中的“loved”意义相近，故选D项。

【例3】（2014北京卷） The first time I saw Suzy Khan，I knew I had to help her.She was really small for her age of 12....

All I knew was that she was an orphan（孤儿） from Africa.She had just been adopted by a family in town who 37（decided）that the best way for her to learn American ways of life was to be with American kids.I looked down at this 38 girl and promised myself that somehow I would help her.

38.A.rich B.proud

C.tiny D.popular

【解析】由上文中的“She was really small for her age of 12”可知，此处应选“small”的同义词，答案为C项。

四、反义词复现

反义词复现是指和文中某一词义相反的单词在文章中出现，以达到文章衔接的目的。有时，我们可以利用这一衔接手段在文章中找出试题的正确答案。

【例1】（2016江苏卷）That night，I talked to my wife about my 49（conversation）with Kurt and what I had learned.I 50（showed）her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling...

......

Several important things happened that day.First，we decided to 53 the resources.

53.A.provide B.buy

C.give D.deliver

【解析】根据上文中的“I 50（showed）her the workbook and tapes Kurt was selling”和本句语义可知，此处应选“selling”的反义词，答案为B项。

【例2】（2016天津卷）Cathy suffered some terrible 16 in her early childhood.After years of regular treatment，she 17（finally）became healthy.

16.A.failure B.pressure

C.loss D.illness

【解析】由后一句“After years of regular treatment，she 17（finally）became healthy.” 和本句语义可知，答案应为“healthy”的反义词，故选D项。

【例3】（2016全国新课标卷Ⅱ）Why had I thought she was cold? Rani was，well，so 58.

58.A.calm B.nice

C.proud D.clever

【解析】由语境和语义可知，此处所填之词，应是前句中“cold”的反义词，故选B项。

五、上下义词复现

上下义词复现是指上义词和下义词在文章中同时出现，以实现文章衔接的目的。由于上下义词都具有回指的功能，所以，在某种程度上，它们的出现也是一种复现。上义词是总称词，下义词是被包含的个体或种类，如：food是bread，noodle，milk，rice的上义词； 反之，bread，noodle，milk，rice是food的下义词。上义词和下义词是包含和被包含的关系。

在做完形填空题时，我们有时可以利用上下义词在文中复现这一现象来判断并得出正确的答案。

【例1】（2010湖北卷）For two weeks，Mark 39（accompanied）Susan to and from work each day.He taught her how to rely on her other 40，specifically her hearing，to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41（environment）.

40.A.feelings B.organs

C.skills D.senses

【解析】根据本句的句意和40空后的“specifically her hearing”可知，此处应选“hearing”的上义词，故选D项。

【例2】（2012天津卷）About 15 years ago I started seeing a lot of 20 ，like toilet paper，beer cans，and empty boxes，around the area.

20.A.material B.resources

C.waste D.goods

【解析】由下文中的“like toilet paper，beer cans，and empty boxes，around the area”可知，第20空应为“toilet paper，beer cans，empty boxes”的上义词，故选C项。

【例3】（2004北京卷）When I joined a private football league a few years ago，the sport meant everything to me.My coach（教练）said that I had lots of potential（潜力），and I became captain of my 36 .

36.A.class B.club

C.team D.board【解析】由前文中的“I joined a private football league”和“My coach（教练）said that I had lots of potential（潜力）”可知，此处应为“football league（足球联队）”的下义词，故C项最准确。

六、概括性词复现

概括性词复现是指用一个概括性词来指代上文中讲述的某一事件。这种表示概括性的词一般是名词或名词性短语，且往往位于文尾。

【例1】（2016江苏卷）Years ago，a critical event occurred in my life that would change it forever.I met Kurt Kampmeir of Success Motivation Incorporation for breakfast.While we were 36（eating），Kurt asked me，“John，what is your 37（plan）for personal growth?”

Never at a loss for words，I tried to find things in mylife that might 38（qualify）for growth.I told him about the many activities in which I was 39（involved）.And I went into a 40（speech）about how hard I worked and the gains I was making.I must have talked for ten minutes.Kurt 41（listened）patiently，but then he 42（finally）smiled and said，“You don’t have a personal plan for growth，do you?”

“No，”I 43（admitted）.

“You know，” Kurt said simply，“growth is not a（n） 44（automatic）process.”

......

That night，I talked to my wife about my 49 with Kurt and what I had learned.

49.A.contract B.conversation

C.negotiation D.argument

【解析】由前文可知，作者和Kurt就个人成长计划进行了一次交谈，根据语境，此处是对上文的概括，“谈话”最准确，故选B项。

【例2】（2016四川卷）Lainey finished third grade.She had good grades and could read 41（above）grade level，but she did not like to read.On a family car trip，her Aunt Dede pulled out a copy of Harry Potter，as a surprise for her 42（niece）.But Lainey took one look at it， 43（rolled）her eyes，and said，“Boring!”

......

Lainey is an example of an 58 reader.As shown here，Lainey can become 59（excited） about reading when 60（presented） with literature on topics that interest her，and when the people around her model involvement in the reading process.

58.A.unpleasant B.innocent

C.unwilling D.independent

【解析】根据上文可知“Lainey不愿看书，当然是一个不情愿（读书）的读者”，此处用C项进行概括最准确，故选C项。

【例3】（2015全国新课标卷Ⅱ）My daughter plays on a recreational soccer team.They did very well this season and so 45（entered）a tournament，which normally was only for more skilled club teams.This led to some 46（painful）experiences on Saturday...

......

I think it is a general principle.59 is the best teacher.

59.A.Experience B.Independence

C.Curiosity D.Interest

【解析】上文讲作者女儿所在的娱乐性足球队表现不错，进入了锦标赛；接下来作者观看了整个比赛过程，在比赛过程中，女儿所在的球队善于向对手学习，居然进了一球；最后，作者由此感慨：实践出真知，经验是最好的老师。此处作者用一个词（经验）对上文进行了精确的概括，故选A项。

【例4】（2015全国新课标卷Ⅰ ） My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend.On the way ，we spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said，“41（Lost）my job.Family to Feed.”

......

This has been a wonderful 55 for our family.For days the kids have been looking for others we can 56（help）!

55.A.experience B.example

C.message D.adventure

【解析】前文讲述了作者在带孩子们去超市购物的过程中，一家人主动帮助一个乞讨的失业者的经历。第55空作者显然是在对上文进行概括，故选A项。

七、注释性复现

注释是指一种表达方式对另一种表达方法进行解释或说明。注释性复现就是指这两种方式同时出现在文章中。有时，这种解释或说明关系可通过某些动词（be，mean，suggest等）或符号（破折号，冒号和括号等）来体现。

【例1】（2016北京卷）41（By）January 26，Billy and three other children had died.Twenty more were 42（sick_）.Nome’s town officials came up with a（n） 43.They would have the medicine sent by 44（rail）from Anchorage to Nenana.From there，dogsled（狗拉雪橇）drivers—known as “mushers”—would 45（carry_） it to Nome in a relay（接力）.

43.A.plan B.excuse

C.message D.topic

【解析】由语境和语义可知，43空后面的句子是对43空的解释或说明，即对诺姆当地官员想到的一个计划进行解释或说明，故选A项。

【例2】（2016全国新课标卷Ⅱ）Hundreds of people have formed impressions of you through that little device（装置）on your desk.And they’ve never actually 41（met）you.Everything they know about you 42（came）throughthis device，sometimes from hundreds of miles away.43（Yet）they feel they can know you 44（just）from the sound of your voice.That’s how powerful the 45 is.

45.A.telephone B.voice

C.connection D.impression

【解析】根据45空前的文字描述（很多人只是通过桌上的那个小装置了解你，他们从来都没有见过你。他们对你的了解来自于这个小装置，有时虽然你们相隔千里，但是，他们只要通过你的声音，就可以了解你）可知，此处指代的是电话，故选A项。

【例3】（2016北京卷）On January 31，a musher named Seppala had to 47（cross）a frozen body of water called Norton Sound.It was the most 48 part of the journey.Norton Sound was covered with ice，which could sometimes break up without warning.If that happened，Seppala might fall into the icy water below.

48.A.shameful B.boring

C.dangerous D.foolish

【解析】根据48空后面的句子“Norton Sound was covered with ice，which could sometimes break up without warning.If that happened，Seppala might fall into the icy water below.”的描述可知，这是旅途中最危险的一部分，故选C项。

【例4】（2016江苏卷）And that’s when it 45（hit）me.I wasn’t doing anything 46（on purpose）to make myself better.And at that moment，I made the 47：I will develop and follow a personal growth plan for my 48（life）.

47.A.comment B.announcement

C.decision D.arrangement

【解析】根据语境和冒号后的句意（我将制定并执行一个个人的人生成长计划）可知，此处应为“我做出了一个决定”，故选C项。

八、结构复现

结构复现是指结构相同或相近的句子在文章中重复出现。在做完形填空题时，我们不仅要关注某个信息点的重复，也要重视句子结构的相似性。句子结构相似往往暗示句子意义相近，这会大大提高我们的解题能力。

【例1】（2012广东卷）We all know that some things are obviously right.For example，it is right to be 1 to other people.It is also right to look after the environment.Some things are 2 wrong，too.

1.A .kind B.sensitive

C.fair D.generous

2.A .equally B.slightly

C.clearly D.increasingly

【解析】1.从并列信号词“also”和句子结构来看，本句与后一句“It is also right to look after the environment.”句子结构相似，属于结构复现。根据结构复现原则，此处所填之词与空前动词“be”构成的动词短语应该和下一句中的“look after”意义相近，故选A项。2.同理，从并列信号词“too” 和句子结构来看，本句与第一句中的“some things are obviously right”相对应，所以此处应选择obviously的近义词clearly，故C项正确。

【例2】（2009广东卷）Alfred Nobel became a millionaire and changed the ways of mining，construction，and warfare as the inventor of dynamite（炸药）...“Dr.Alfred Nobel，who became 23 by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before，died yesterday.”

23.A.famous B.sick

C.rich D.popular

【解析】who引导的定语从句“who became 23 by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before”与文章首句中的“Alfred Nobel became a millionaire”在句子结构上非常相似，属于结构复现，且who指代的就是Alfred Nobel，两者在意义上也非常接近，故选C项。

【例3】（2016年启学冲刺卷一）Accidents do happen sometimes.

......

There the staff told me not to worry about the jug again.“38 do happen sometimes.Just try to deal with them，”...

38.A.Accidents B.Wishes

C.Activities D.Changes

【解析】38空所在的句子和文章第一句话“Accidents do happen sometimes.”完全相同，属于结构复现，故选A项。

综上所述，词汇复现题是完形填空中的常见题型，且难度较低。解题时，一定要注意三点：一是词汇复现的两性——显性（如原词复现）和隐性（如概括性词复现）；二是词汇复现的距离感，即考试词汇和复现词汇之间存在一定的距离；三是词汇复现的方向性，即考试词汇和复现词汇的位置均可前可后，换句话说，有时是考试词汇在前，复现词汇在后，这是典型的线索后示，有时却正好相反，这叫线索前示。

（作者单位：贵州省六盘水市第四中学）