抽丝剥茧，四大绝招攻破细节理解题

秦媛 刘本龙

近几年，高考阅读理解考查的题型以细节理解题为主，做细节理解题时，大多数考生易出现的问题就是阅读速度太慢，缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧。最快捷、有效的方法是，考生不必通篇细看原文，而应采取“带着问题找答案”的方法。即先从问题中抓住关键性词语，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查读的技巧快速地在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句，仔细品味，对照比较。除了运用扫读法，还可以兼用排除法，将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。

直接细节理解题的答案与原文挂钩，在文中可直接找到答案，但并非与原文中的语句一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。间接细节理解题需要通过对相关词语和句子的转换，利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息，然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列的加工和整理，方能做出正确的判断。此类试题在高考中占大多数，常见命题方式有如下几种：

1.特殊疑问句形式，以what， who， when， where， which， how much / many 等引出问题。

2.是非题，通常以true / false， not true / false 提问，以及以according to the text开头。

3.填空题，通常涉及与主题有关的事实和细节。

4.就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。

注意作者的态度、思想倾向和感情色彩

考生要留意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词和副词。其次，要特别注意那些描写环境和气氛的词语，体会文章的基调，揣摩作者的态度，悟出作者的弦外之音。

例1 Before I was two， I was adopted by an Anglo couple. Fed three square meals a day， I grew like a wild weed and grasped all the opportunities they had to offer—books， music， education， church life and community activities. In a family of blue-eyed blonds， though， I stood out like a sore thumb. Whether from jealousy or fear of someone who looked so different， my older brothers sometimes teased me about my unpleasing skin， or made fun of my clumsy walk. Moody and impatient， burdened by fears that none of us realized resulted from my early years of need， I was not an easy child to love. My mother and I conflicted countless times over the years， but gradually came to see one another as real human beings with faults and talents， and as women of strength in our own right. Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me， I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own. The Asian American community has helped me regain my double identity.

1.What can be inferred from Mummy’s Anglo family life？

A.She used to experience an identity crisis.

B.She fought against her American identity.

C.She forgot the pains of her early years.

D.She kept her love for Asia from childhood.

【解析】根据I was not an easy child to love和倒数第二句Lacking a mirror image in the mother who raised me， I had to seek my identity as a woman on my own可知，作者因为不知道身世来源而感到困惑，从而使得自己不受人喜欢，即她过去经历了身份认同危机，故A项正确。

警惕阅读理解中的原话陷阱

尽管选项是文章中的原话，但是在以下情况下不能选择此选项：

（1）选项当中有infer（推断）、imply（暗示）、conclude（得出结论）等词；

（2）选项与问题毫不相干；

（3）选项是文中的表面意思，属于浅层次的理解；

（4）选项以偏概全；

（5）选项的部分内容是原话，漏掉了状语从句等。

例2 Because he wrote his name so that it could be read easily. John Hancock has a place in the dictionary.

John Hancock was a wealthy man who helped the patriots（爱国者）in the American Revolution. He was president of the Continental Congress. He was also governor of Massachusetts and one of the first men to sign the Declaration of Independence（独立宣言）. Yet he is remembered best for his large signature（签名）.

The story is told that when Hancock sat down to sign the Declaration of Independence， he said that he would write his signature large enough for John Bull to read without glasses（John Bull stands for England， as Uncle Sam stands for the US）. Hancock’s signature on the declaration is four and three-quarters inches long-an inch longer than his usual signature.

Today John Hancock can be used to mean any person’s signature.

2.John Hancock wrote his large signature_________.

A.for John Bull to read without glasses

B.to show he was proud to be a patriot

C.to show John Bull’s eyesight was poor

D.to be remembered by people.

【解析】有的考生认为A项是原话，故选之。从表面上看，John Hancock把他的签名写得很大是为了让英国统治者不戴眼镜就能看清楚，实质上是为了表现他的自豪感，所以应选B。做题时考生要透过表面现象看到本质，不能被表面的信息迷惑。

了解欧美国家的语言和文化特点

阅读理解的文章绝大多数选自英文网站和报纸杂志，高考命题人往往就此取材，一方面展示欧美国家文化和风俗的特点，一方面考查考生的知识积累。

独特的西方文化和习惯

☆喜欢自己动手

西方人喜欢在周末和节假日自己动手修缮房屋、制作家具、装修房间、修整花园，甚至自己制作陶瓷工艺品。这不仅仅是出于经济考虑，也是把此当作培养个人技能、陶冶情操的生活方式。通过自己动手，能使居室更加舒适，更具个性化，同时也能使家庭氛围更加融洽，并且这也是教育孩子的良好平台和机会。

☆尽情享受丰富多彩的节假日

节假日本身就充满魅力，西方人喜欢在节假日购物，为节假日做充分的准备。在复活节、万圣节、圣诞节等五花八门的节日里，西方人的娱乐和消遣节目更是丰富多彩，音乐厅、歌剧院等场所会举办形式多样的活动。

☆酷爱运动

西方人喜欢运动。自行车、足球、网球、橄榄球、游泳、滑冰等，都是西方人爱好的运动项目，而每天散步两英里或更长的距离，一直是流行的运动。

☆饲养宠物

人们常说英国和美国是宠物的天堂，西方人乐于在家里饲养一种甚至多种宠物，并很享受和宠物待在一起的时光。

☆泡图书馆阅读

在西方不少国家里，到处都可见到图书馆和阅览室的身影。无论白天还是晚上，图书馆常常座无虚席。人们到这里借书、查阅资料、浏览报纸、写东西，光顾的人群有学生、老人、公司雇员，甚至是工人，很多图书馆和阅览室会为人们提供电脑。