非谓语动词对比教学

徐桂玲

非谓语动词的用法在高考题中所占比重很大，如何让学生轻松掌握它们的用法，在考试中能熟练应用呢？作为教师，我通过分析例句，采用对比的方法来引导学生理解和应用，经过多年的实践总结，教学效果非常好。

非谓语动词包括动名词、现在分词、不定式、过去分词。现依据它们在句子中的成分来进行对比分析：

一、动名词、不定式做主语

1. 时间上有区别

Playing with fire is dangerous.（动名词具有泛时性、经常性。）

To play with fire will be dangerous.（不定式具有一次性、后时性。）

（2014湖南卷）______（understand） your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.（答案Understanding，动名词做主语。）

2. 形式上有区别

To learn English well is not easy.

=It is not easy to learn English well.（不定式可以转化为it做形式主语。）

（2015吉林模拟卷）I think it is a great honor___（invite）to visit your country.（答案to be invited，不定式做主语。）

（2014山东卷）Its standard practice for a company like this one （employ）a security officer. （答案to employ，不定式做主语。）

注意： It is +adj of/for sb. to do——形容词是修饰人的，用介词of；是修饰事物的，用for，常用的修饰人的词有careless， clever， considerate， stupid， nice， silly， foolish， good， impolite， kind， naughty.

eg.①It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.

②His arriving added to our excitement.

注意：动名词除以下几种句型外，不可转为it做形式主语。

It is no use /no good/no fun doing...

二、动名词、现在分词、不定时、过去分词做表语

My job is cleaning all the desks.（动名词做表语表示泛时性和经常性，主语和表语可互换。）

He is cleaning all the desks.（现在分词表示正在进行的动作。）

My next task is to clean all the desks.（不定式表示后时性。）

No one is paid at the end of every month.（过去分词表示被动，但也有不表示被动而表示状态或动作、结果的，如：be married， be dressed， be changed。）

注意：下列词做主语时常用不定式做表语，wish， aim， goal， hope， idea， plan， purpose， suggestion， next.

eg. The next measure is to match kinds of food with animals.

三、动名词、不定式做宾语

（2014江西卷）When it comes to____（speak） in public， no one can match him.（答案speaking，做介词宾语。）

（2014陕西卷） Its quite hot today. Do you feel like

（go）for a swim.（答案going，做fell like的宾语。）

1. 后接不定式做宾语的动词

hope wish want agree promise （三个希望两答应）

demand ask refuse （两个要求莫答应）

manage learn decide determine （设法学会做决定）

fail pretend choose （不能假装在选择）

long expect offer afford （期待主动能担负）

2.接不定式和动名词没有区别的

begin / continue / like /love /prefer / start /hate ，但begin， start在以下三种情况下接不定式：①主语是事物， ②本身是进行时be starting to do ，③ 不定式是表示心理状态的start to see/realize/understand.

3. 接不定式和动名词在意义上有区别的

forget/remember/regretdoing 发生过的事 to do 没发生的事

try to do 尽力做

try doing尝试做

go on to do 继续做另一件事

go on doing继续做同一件事

stop to do停下来做另一件事

stop doing不要做

mean to do打算做

mean doing 意味着

四、动名词、现在分词、过去分词、不定式做定语，一般都是单词做定语置前，短语做定语置后

1. the waiting room （动名词表用途。）

the sleeping boy （现在分词表主动或正在进行。）

a broken glass （过去分词表被动或动作完成。）

2.The house to be built next year. （将要发生的动作。）

The house built last year. （已经完成的动作。）

The house being built now.（正在进行的动作。）

（2014浙江卷）Amie Salmon， disabled， is attended throughout her school days by a nurse_______（appoint）to guard her.（答案appointed ，做a nurse的定语。）

（2014北京卷）Last night， there were millions of people_____（watch）the opening ceremony live on TV.（答案watching，现在分词做定语。）

（2014北京卷） There are still many problems_______（solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the moon.（答案to be solved，做problem的定语，表后时性。）

（2015郑州模拟卷）Shanghai Disneyland Park，_______（complete）in 2015，will attract tourists from all over China then.（答案to be completed，做定语，表后时性。）

3. have sth. to do /have sth. to be done（主语是施动者用主动，否则用被动。）

eg. ①The babys mother had some clothes to wash.

②The baby had some clothes to be washed.

4. 当名词被the first/the second/the next/the last/the only修饰时，常用to do 做定语。

eg.①She is always the first one to come.

②He was the only waiter to know the truth.

五、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做宾补（看宾语与宾补的关系。）

The lady went out， with housework finished.（过去分词与宾语是被动关系。）

The lady went out， with the baby crying.（现在分词与宾语是主动关系。）

The lady went out， with the door open.（形容词表宾语的状态。）

The lady went out， with some food to buy.（不定式表后时性。）

（2015石家庄模拟卷）Marry received an invitation to the Christmas party， but with her homework ______（finish）， she refused it unwillingly.（答案unfinished，做宾补。）

六、过去分词、现在分词、不定式做状语

（2014福建卷）______（spend）the past year as an exchange student in Hongkong， Linda appears more mature than those of her age.（答案Having spent，做状语。）

1. 过去分词转化的形容词做状语，多为反身动词

Dressed in red， she looks young for her age.

Dressing herself in red， she looks young for her age.

2.分词的悬垂现象

The book has sold one million a year， making it the most popular.（making 与句子之间是主动关系。）

3. 不定式做状语

eg. To catch the early bus， he gets up early every day.（目的状语。）

Im glad to see you.（原因状语。）

The book is hard to understand. （方式状语。）

He hurried to the station， only to find the train had left.（结果状语，出乎意料的结果。）

七、非谓语动词的特殊用法

1. 独立主格

Spring coming， the fields are full of life. （coming 与逻辑主语spring 之间是主动关系。）

The man went out of the room， food in mouth.

The workers went home from work， with their task finished.（finished与task之间是被动关系。）

I have no time to see a film， with a lot of clothes to wash.（to wash表示要做的事。）

2.compare 的用法（compare to只用过去分词做定语；compare...to...做状语依据和句子主语的关系，主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词。）

eg. ①Compared to/with his car， my car can stand long distance.

②Comparing my car with yours， I cant find the difference.

3.分词的连词化。以下分词起到连词的作用：considering /granted/ granting /provided /providing/ supposing/

assuming /seeing that.

eg. Supposing I have free time， I will go to see my grandmother.

4.分词的介词化。以下分词起到介词的作用：concerning /considering /including /counting/saving/given

eg. Most young men like popular stars， including me.

5.评价性状语（有些分词和不定式可以做独立成分，用来解释整个句子，不受句子主语的限制。）

generally speaking/ strictly speaking/ personally speaking/ exactly speaking/ judging from/ judging by/ taking everything into consideration/ not to say/ to say nothing of.../not to mention/to be frank/ to be honest/ strange to say/to make matters worse/etc.

eg. ① Judging from his actions， Jims words is true.

② Generally speaking， girls are more careful than boys.

以上是我对非谓语动词的对比教学内容，高考题可以逐年更新，教法很明显地体现出来了：通过例句对比分析，有助于学生对用法的理解和应用，在用中学，才能更好地学以致用。