55岁及以上城市居民慢性病共病现状调查及相关性分析
2016-03-02梅祎祎盛楚乔潘雅洁程增霞程繁银
贾 勇,梅祎祎,盛楚乔,潘雅洁,程增霞,程繁银
作者单位:116044辽宁省大连市,大连医科大学公共卫生学院(贾勇,梅祎祎,潘雅洁,程增霞,程繁银);吉林大学白求恩第一医院儿科重症监护室(盛楚乔)
·调查研究·
55岁及以上城市居民慢性病共病现状调查及相关性分析
贾 勇,梅祎祎,盛楚乔,潘雅洁,程增霞,程繁银
作者单位:116044辽宁省大连市,大连医科大学公共卫生学院(贾勇,梅祎祎,潘雅洁,程增霞,程繁银);吉林大学白求恩第一医院儿科重症监护室(盛楚乔)
【摘要】目的了解≥55岁城市居民慢性病共病现状及各慢性病之间的关系,为提高社区慢性病管理的效率提供参考依据。方法2012年10—12月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,按人口比例和经济水平在辽宁省丹东市振兴区、元宝区、振安区、东港市、凤城市和宽甸县6个行政区22个街道41个社区随机抽取≥55岁丹东市常住居民(在本地累计居住时间≥6个月)4 903人作为调查对象,剔除信息不全等问卷,有效问卷4 571份,有效率为93.23%。采用自行设计的调查问卷,调查内容包括性别、年龄等一般人口学特征以及慢性病检出情况等,包括9种常见慢性病:高血压、慢性颈/腰椎病、心脏病(冠心病、心律不齐)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、抑郁症、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡、癌症。结果丹东市≥55岁居民4 571人,其中慢性病检出人数2 337人,检出率为51.13%。高血压检出率为38.63%(1 766/4 571)、慢性颈/腰椎病检出率为13.08%(598/4 571)、心脏病检出率为11.62%(531/4 571)、COPD检出率为8.40%(384/4 571)、2型糖尿病检出率为5.82%(266/4 571)、脑卒中检出率为5.78%(264/4 571)、抑郁症检出率为3.13%(143/4 571)、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡检出率为2.58%(118/4 571)、癌症检出率为2.36%(108/4 571)。女性高血压、心脏病、2型糖尿病检出率高于男性(P<0.05);男性抑郁症检出率高于女性(P<0.05);男性与女性慢性颈/腰椎病、COPD、脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡、癌症检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。未患有慢性病2 234人,占48.87%;患有1种慢性病1 010人,占22.10%;同时患有2种慢性病880人,占19.25%;同时患有3种慢性病384人,占8.40%;同时患有4种及以上慢性病63人,占1.38%。患有2种及以上慢性病1 327人,慢性病共病检出率为29.03%,女性慢性病共病检出率高于男性〔31.45%(734/2 334)与26.51%(593/2 237),P<0.05〕。慢性病相关性分析显示,高血压与慢性颈/腰椎病、心脏病、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、抑郁症、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);慢性颈/腰椎病与心脏病、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);心脏病与脑卒中、抑郁症相关(P<0.05);脑卒中与抑郁症相关(P<0.05);COPD与抑郁症相关(P<0.05);2型糖尿病与脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);抑郁症与慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡与癌症相关(P<0.05)。结论丹东市≥55岁居民慢性病检出率较高,且慢性病共病检出率较高,多种慢性病存在相关关系。慢性病共病现象研究对我国社区医疗卫生综合管理有一定的指导意义和实践意义,通过对共病的深入研究,干预共享行为危险因素,可以改善居民健康水平,提高社区慢性病管理的效率。
共病(multimorbidity)是指患者在同一时间同时或相继患有2种或2种以上的疾病[1-2],已经成为发达国家卫生保健工作中所面临的严重挑战和威胁[3-4]。而老年人群慢性病的共病现象是全球公共卫生领域的普遍性问题[5],并非只出现在西方发达国家。在国内的临床研究中,有少量研究报道是对精神类疾病且只针对1种疾病的共病现象的研究[6-7],对慢性病共病研究的报道数量更少。国外研究表明,共病现象可能导致患者重复就诊及增加潜在的社会、经济负担[8]。为此,本研究通过对辽宁省丹东市≥55岁居民进行横断面调查,了解老年人群慢性病共病情况,分析该地区常见慢性病之间的关系,探讨慢性病共病分布水平和流行特征,为提高我国社区慢性病管理效率提供参考。
1对象与方法
1.1调查对象2012年10—12月,采用分层整群随机抽样方法,按人口比例和经济水平在辽宁省丹东市振兴区、元宝区、振安区、东港市、凤城市和宽甸县6个行政区22个街道41个社区随机抽取≥55岁丹东市常住居民(在本地累计居住时间≥6个月)4 903人作为调查对象,剔除信息不全等问卷,回收有效问卷4 571份,有效率为93.23%。本研究调查人数占当年丹东市人口总数[9]的3.29‰。
1.2调查内容采用自行设计的调查问卷,调查内容包括性别、年龄、民族、家庭收入、婚姻状况、所患慢性病名称、确诊时间、确诊医院等级和名称等。慢性病根据国际疾病分类(ICD-10)标准[10]来确定。包括9种常见慢性病:高血压、慢性颈/腰椎病、心脏病(冠心病、心律不齐)、慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、抑郁症、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡、癌症。调查疾病由调查对象或直系亲属自报,并在二级及以上医院已确诊。
1.3调查方法本次调查由丹东市卫生行政部门进行统一组织和实施,调查员由各社区卫生工作人员组成,经统一规范化培训后进行面对面入户调查。3次上门未调查成功而放弃该户时,从候选户中按顺序递补。因病住院不在访谈现场或无能力回答的调查对象由熟悉其情况的直系亲属回答。
1.4质量控制采用EpiData 3.0软件建立数据库,数据经双人双份录入,录入后将原始数据与已录入的电子文档进行校对,并进行逻辑检错。
1.5统计学方法应用SAS 9.1统计学软件进行数据处理,计数资料比较采用χ2检验;慢性病间的相关性采用列联表相关性分析。检验水准α=0.05。
2结果
2.1一般情况
2.1.1人口学特征共调查丹东市≥55岁居民4 571人,其中,男2 237人(占48.94%),女2 334人(占51.06%);年龄55~96岁,平均年龄62.1岁。慢性病检出人数2 337人,检出率为51.13%。
2.1.29种常见慢性病检出情况丹东市≥55岁居民高血压检出率为38.63%(1 766/4 571)、慢性颈/腰椎病检出率为13.08%(598/4 571)、心脏病检出率为11.62%(531/4 571)、COPD检出率为8.40%(384/4 571)、2型糖尿病检出率为5.82%(266/4 571)、脑卒中检出率为5.78%(264/4 571)、抑郁症检出率为3.13%(143/4 571)、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡检出率为2.58%(118/4 571)、癌症检出率为2.36%(108/4 571)。女性高血压、心脏病、2型糖尿病检出率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);男性抑郁症检出率高于女性,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。男性与女性慢性颈/腰椎病、COPD、脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡、癌症检出率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,见表1)。
2.29种常见慢性病共病检出情况丹东市≥55岁居民未患有慢性病2 234人,占48.87%;患有1种慢性病1 010人,占22.10%;同时患有2种慢性病880人,占19.25%;同时患有3种慢性病384人,占8.40%;同时患有4种及以上慢性病63人,占1.38%(见表2)。患有2种及以上慢性病1 327人,慢性病共病检出率为29.03%(1 327/4 571),其中,男性慢性病共病检出率为26.51%(593/2 237),女性慢性病共病检出率为31.45%(734/2 334),女性慢性病共病检出率高于男性,差异有统计学意义(χ2=13.53,P<0.01)。
2.39种常见慢性病共病其他疾病情况9种常见慢性病共病其他疾病依次为慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡〔98.31%(116/118)〕、心脏病〔97.93%(520/531)〕、脑卒中〔97.35%(257/264)〕、2型糖尿病〔95.86%(255/266)〕、抑郁症〔93.01%(133/143)〕、高血压〔70.44%(1244/1766)〕、慢性颈/腰椎病〔62.88%(376/598)〕、癌症〔62.04%(67/108)〕、COPD〔52.08%(200/384)〕(见图1)。
2.49种常见慢性病相关性分析慢性病相关性分析显示,高血压与慢性颈/腰椎病、心脏病、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、抑郁症、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);慢性颈/腰椎病与心脏病、2型糖尿病、脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);心脏病与脑卒中、抑郁症相关(P<0.05);脑卒中与抑郁症相关(P<0.05);CODP与抑郁症相关(P<0.05);2型糖尿病与脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);抑郁症与慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡相关(P<0.05);慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡与癌症相关(P<0.05,见表3)。
3讨论
本调查结果表明,丹东市≥55岁居民慢性病检出率为51.13%,提示丹东市老年人慢性病患病率较高。其中高血压检出率为38.63%,居于慢性病首位,这与国内的相关研究结果基本一致[11-12]。女性高血压、心脏病、2型糖尿病检出率高于男性,男性抑郁症检出率高于女性。这一结果由多因素共同作用导致,老年女性随着年龄增长,雌激素水平下降,高血压、2型糖尿病等慢性血管性疾病发病率增高[13],但老年男性吸烟、饮酒等不良生活习惯及男性承负的精神压力和社会责任高于女性,是导致精神类疾病的重要危险因素[12]。提示可以针对不同性别构建慢性病管理的疾病谱,以对存在共病现象的慢性病进行控制和干预。
表2丹东市≥55岁居民慢性病共病检出情况
Table 2Detection of the multimorbidity of chronic diseases among Dandong residents aged ≥55
患病数量(种)男性检出人数比例(%)女性检出人数比例(%)合计检出人数比例(%)0114651.23108846.61223448.87149822.2651221.94101022.10240418.0647620.3988019.2531617.202239.563848.40≥4281.25351.50631.38合计2237100.002334100.004571100.00
注:COPD=慢性阻塞性肺疾病
图1丹东市≥55岁居民各慢性病共病比例情况
Figure 1Percentage of different conditions of multimorbidity among Dandong residents age ≥55
表1 不同性别丹东市≥55岁居民慢性病检出率比较〔n(%)〕
注:COPD=慢性阻塞性肺疾病
表3 丹东市≥55岁居民9种常见慢性病相关性分析(r值)
注:aP<0.05;-为无此项数据
本调查中,丹东市≥55岁居民9种常见慢性病共病检出率为29.03%,低于Kirchberger等[14]对德国65~94岁居民慢性病共病检出率(58.6%)、Schram等[15]对荷兰55~94岁居民慢性病共病检出率(56%)的结果;高于Menotti等[16]对芬兰(23.3%)和意大利(15.3%)65~84岁男性的检出率。这一结果表明,中国慢性病共病现象存在且共病检出率水平较高。分析该结果与各国之间差异的原因,认为一是各国研究对象年龄上有差异;二是所研究慢性病的疾病数量不同,Kirchberger等[14]、Schram等[15]、Menotti等[16]研究疾病数量分别为13、12、7种。从上述各国研究的疾病数量与慢性病共病检出率之间关系来看,疾病数量越多,慢性病共病检出率越高。因此,若在本研究基础上增加慢性病疾病数量,我国慢性病共病检出率可能会进一步增加。本调查中,慢性病共病检出率居前5位的疾病分别为慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡(98.31%)、心脏病(97.93%)、脑卒中(97.35%)、2型糖尿病(95.86%)、抑郁症(93.01%)。共病检出率相对较高的疾病有共享行为危险因素[17],如吸烟、饮酒、久坐、高盐饮食。提示也可以通过控制共享行为危险因素对慢性病进行综合管理。
相关性分析结果显示,9种慢性病之间存在相关关系,其中2型糖尿病分别与高血压、慢性颈/腰椎病、脑卒中、慢性胃/十二指肠溃疡存在相关关系,该结果与国内一项2型糖尿病共病研究结果基本一致[7]。该现象产生可归为两个原因:一是共病之间存在直接或间接的因果关联;二是各疾病之间共享行为危险因素[7,18-19]。这一结果再次提示在社区慢性病综合管理工作中,可以通过干预共享行为危险因素来降低各慢性病的发生率,进而减少医疗卫生服务费用和社会经济负担。
综上所述,慢性病共病现象研究对我国社区医疗卫生综合管理有一定的指导意义和实践意义,通过对共病的深入研究,干预共享行为危险因素可以改善居民健康水平,提高社区慢性病管理的效率。本研究的局限性在于研究疾病数量不够充足、全面,可能低估我国慢性病共病现象。下一步将对影响共病的共享行为危险因素、存在共病现象的疾病类别以及共病现象的疾病负担进行深入研究。
作者贡献:贾勇进行调查设计、资料收集整理、撰写论文、成文并对文章负责;梅祎祎、盛楚乔、潘雅洁、程增霞进行试验实施、资料收集;程繁银进行质量控制、评估及审校。
本文无利益冲突。
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(本文相关《家庭健康询问调查表》见本刊官网www.chinagp.net方法学研究栏目)
(本文编辑:陈素芳)
【关键词】慢性病;共病现象;社区卫生服务;横断面研究
贾勇,梅祎祎,盛楚乔,等.≥55岁及以上城市居民慢性病共病现状调查及相关性分析[J].中国全科医学,2016,19(6):683-687.[www.chinagp.net]
Jia Y,Mei YY,Sheng CQ,et al.Investigation and correlation analysis of multimorbidity of chronic diseases among residents aged 55 years and over[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(6):683-687.
Investigation and Correlation Analysis of Multimorbidity of Chronic Diseases Among Residents Aged 55 Years and OverJIAYong,MEIYi-yi,SHENGChu-qiao,etal.PublicHealthSchool,DalianMedicalUniversity,Dalian116044,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo investigate the status of multimorbidity of chronic diseases among residents aged ≥55 and correlation among various chronic diseases.MethodsA total of 4 903 residents aged ≥55 who had lived in Dandong for ≥6 months were randomly selected from 41 communities on 22 streets of 6 administrative areas which were Zhenxing District,Yuanbao District,Zhen′an District,Donggang,Fengcheng and Kuandian County in Dandong City,Liaoning Province from October to December in 2012.After the exclusion of incomplete questionnaires,collected 4 571 effective questionnaires with an effective rate of 93.23%.Self-designed questionnaires were adopted,and the content included general demographic data such as gender and age and the detection results of chronic diseases.The 9 most common chronic diseases were hypertension,chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease (coronary heart disease and arrhythmia),chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer.ResultsAmong the 4 571 Dandong residents aged ≥55,the number of people who were detected with chronic diseases was 2 337 with a detection rate of 51.13%.The detection rates of hypertension,chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease,COPD,type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer were 38.63%(1 766/4 571),13.08%(598/4 571),11.62%(531/4 571),8.40%(384/4 571),5.82%(266/4 571),5.78%(264/4 571),3.13%(143/4 571),2.58%(118/4 571) and 2.36%(108/4 571) respectively.Females were higher than males in the detection rates of hypertension,heart disease and type 2 diabetes (P<0.05);males were higher than females in the detection rate of depression(P<0.05);males and females were not significantly different in the detection rates of chronic neck/lumbar disease,COPD,stroke,chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer and cancer(P>0.05).The number of subjects without chronic diseases was 2 234,accounting for 48.87%;the number of subjects with only one kind of chronic disease was 1 010,accounting for 22.10%;the number of subjects who had two kinds of chronic diseases was 880,accounting for 19.25%;the number of patients who had three kinds of chronic diseases was 384,accounting for 8.40%;the number of patients who had four kinds or more than four kinds of chronic diseases was 63,accounting for 1.38%.There were all together 1 327 patients who had two kinds or more than two kinds of chronic diseases with a detection rate of 29.03%,and females were higher than males in the detection rate of multimorbidity of chronic diseases〔31.45%(734/2 334) and 26.51%(593/2 237),P<0.05〕.Correlation analysis of chronic diseases showed that hypertension was correlated with chronic neck/lumbar disease,heart disease,type 2 diabetes,stroke,depression and chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer (P<0.05);chronic neck/lumbar disease was correlated with heart disease,type 2 diabetes,stroke and chronic stomach/duodenum ulcer (P<0.05);heart disease was correlated with stroke and depression (P<0.05);stroke was correlated with depression (P<0.05);COPD was correlated with depression(P<0.05);type 2 diabetes was correlated with stroke and chronic neck/lumbar disease(P<0.05);depression was correlated with chronic neck/lumbar disease;chronic neck/lumbar disease was correlated with cancer (P<0.05).ConclusionPrevalence of chronic disease and prevalence of multimorbidity of chronic disease are both higher among residents aged ≥55 in Dandong.And there are statistically significant correlations among chronic diseases.The study of the multimorbidity of chronic diseases has guiding and practical significance in the general management of community health care.The further studies of multimordibity,aiming at the intervention of common behavioral risk factors,will improve the residents′ health level and the efficiency of community chronic disease management.
【Key words】Chronic disease;Comorbidity;Community health services;Cross-sectional studies
(收稿日期:2015-06-14;修回日期:2015-12-24)
【中图分类号】R 544.1 R 587.1
【文献标识码】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.06.012
通信作者:程繁银,116044辽宁省大连市,大连医科大学公共卫生学院;E-mail:chengfanyin@163.com