初学定语从句应注意的十个问题

邱瑜

定语从句是高一语法中的重难点之一，对于高一学生来说学起来比较吃力，它要求学生具备分析英语句子的能力以及组织句子的能力。学生如果能学好定语从句，就不怕看不懂有复杂句的文章。在定语从句语法教学中，教师需要指导学生注意以下十个问题：

一、“三步走”分析定语从句

首先找先行词，接着分析所要求填的关系词在定语从句充当的成分，最后把所填的关系词放在整个句子中翻译，看句子翻译是否得体。

例：He who/whom/that wears red coat is my teacher.先行词为He（指人），用who/whom/that;划线部分在定语从句中充当主语的成分，所以只能填who/ that，当然在英语口语中也可填whom;最后翻译：穿红色风衣的他是我的老师。

二、 that与which的用法

一是只用that不用which的情况：先行词为all/anything/no/little等不定代词;先行词有最高级修饰或有序数词修饰;先行词有only/very/any等词修饰;先行词既有人又有物时。例：This is the best book that I have ever seen./There is nothing that can prevent her from doing it.

二是只用which不用that的情况：引导非限制性定语从句;代表整个主句的意思;介词+关系代词。例：She had failed in the English exam， which made her mother very sad. /This is the room in which my grandpa lived last year.

三、 as引导定语从句的用法

1.as引导限制性定语从句通常用于“the same...as，such...as”结构中。

例：I want the same shirt as my sister`s./Such computer as used in our school are made in china.

2.as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用于“as is known to all， as we know， as we expect， as is announced， as is said，as it reported”句型。

四、 定语从句与其他句子的区别

1.与同位语从句的区别

定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that充当主语、宾语、表语，有时可省略。同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that不能充当任何成分且不可省略。

例：Word came that their team was defeated.（同位语）

We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.（定语从句）

2.与强调句的区别

判断一个句子是不是强调句，只需把“It was...that...”去掉，如果句子的意思跟没去掉之前句子的意思保持一样，就说明它是个强调句。

It was in the house that we stayed last week.（强调句）

It was the house in which we stayed last week.（定语从句）

五、as引导定语从句与which的区别

1.当主句和从句语义一致时用as，反之用which来引导非限制性定语从句。

例：Our class made the first in the sports meet， which was unexpected.

Our class made the first in the sports meet， as we expected.

2.当非限制定语从句为否定时常用which引导。例：Tom always plays computer games， which his wife doesn`t like at all.

3.一是含义不同，as一般翻译为“正好（好像）……”，which一般翻译为“就（前面）……这一点”，代替前文所说的内容;二是位置不同，as可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，而which一般只放在主句之后，也就是位于句中。

六、关系代词在句中作主语时从句的谓语动词单复数由先行词决定

例：The man who lives upstairs speaks English fluently./The students who are in Grade Five are going to visit the Great Wall tomorrow.

“one of the +n.”做先行词时从句中谓语动词的单、复数确定：1.“one of the +n.”做先行词时谓语动词用复数;2.当one前面有“the， the only， the very”等修饰时动词用单数。例：He is one of the best one that have lived in a village./He is the one of the best one the that has lived in a village.

七、间隔性英语从句

定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开，这就是英语中所说的“间隔性英语从句”。例：There is a strange expression in my teacher`s eyes that I can`t understand.

八、“介词+which”代替引导定语从句的关系副词

介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom且不能省略;介词在尾句，关系代词可以有which， that， whom，口语中也可用who且可省略。例：The teacher （whom/who/that） you were talking about is my teacher.

九、“介词+关系代词”的定语从句中介词的选择

根据后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如：In school there was no person to whom she could turn for help.（turn to sb. for help是固定搭配词组）

根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。如：I`ll never forget the day on which I first met my boyfriend. （the day前面一般用介词on）

同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如：That is the house in which you once lived.（理解成live in the house） /The room has a window， through which I can see the blue sky.（ 理解成see the blue sky through the window）

根据所要表达的意思来确定：This is my pair of glasses， without which I cannot see clearly.

十、the way做先行词时定语从句的引导词

需要主、宾或表语时用关系代词that、which或省略。主、宾或表语都有时用in which、that或省略，此时that相当于一个副词。如：This is the way that/in which he does.先行词为situation/case/stage/point等表示抽象意义的词，在满足句中主、宾或表语齐全的情况下，后常用where引导定语从句，译为“到了某种地步，在某种情况中”。◆（作者单位：江西省永新县第二中学）

□责任编辑：张淑光