经导管主动脉瓣植入术后的起搏器植入
2016-02-21詹智管丽华综述
詹智 管丽华 综述
(复旦大学附属中山医院心血管内科,上海200032)
经导管主动脉瓣植入术后的起搏器植入
詹智 管丽华 综述
(复旦大学附属中山医院心血管内科,上海200032)
从2002年经导管主动脉瓣植入术(transcatheter aortic valve implantation/replacement,TAVI/TAVR)第一次被运用到临床[1],由于其显著的收益/风险比,TAVI每年的手术数量在全球各大心脏中心呈井喷式增长。然而,TAVI手术并发症是不可避免的问题,主要有心脏传导阻滞、瓣周漏、主动脉瓣反流、血管并发症、肾功能衰竭等。这其中TAVI术后心脏传导阻滞并永久起搏器植入(permanent pacemaker implantation,PPI)是TAVI术后首要并发症[2]。在解剖结构上,由于主动脉瓣靠近心脏传导系统,尤其是希氏束和左束支,所以在手术操作中瓣膜支架、导丝、输送系统等,都可能对传导系统造成挤压损伤,从而引起传导阻滞[3]。传导功能障碍的主要类型为左束支传导阻滞(left bundle branch block,LBBB)和房室传导阻滞(atrio-ventricular block,AVB)。LBBB最终也可能会进展为高度或完全AVB[3]。不论是外科手术还是介入治疗,当出现心脏传导阻滞时,最重要的处理方法即安装永久心脏起搏器(permanent pacemaker,PPM)。 Kogan等[4]研究发现,与外科手术主动脉瓣植入术相比,TAVI术后PPM的植入率已经有了明显的下降。
多个注册临床试验报道的TAVI术后PPM植入率不尽相同,GERY临床试验为33.7%[CoreValve(Medtronic Inc,Minneapolis,Minnesota,USA)为38.6%、Edwards SAPIEN(Edwards Lifesciences,Irvine,California,USA)为14.2%][5- 6],UK TAVI临床试验为16.3%(CoreValve为24.4%、Edwards SAPIEN为7.4%)[7],FRANCE2 临床试验为15.6%(CoreValve为24.2%、Edwards SAPIEN为11.5%)[8],Belgian临床试验为13%(CoreValve为22%、Edwards SAPIEN为5%)[9]。不同研究之间TAVI术后PPM植入率有很大差异,这与其影响因素众多有很大关系。瓣膜类型、术前或术后扩张、瓣膜释放深度、主动脉钙化、室间隔肥厚等,都与传导阻滞的发生率有关。另外,不同中心对于TAVI术后PPM植入指征的把握,也是PPM植入率不同的重要因素。
现就TAVI术后的PPI做一篇综述,通过综合整理国内外的研究进展,促进对该领域的进一步认识和研究。
1 TAVI术后PPM植入的预测因素
尽管对于术后新发LBBB是否应该植入PPM没有统一的共识,且有研究表明术后持续性LBBB对于30 d或1年的全因死亡率、心源性死亡、心力衰竭入院率并无影响,但短期内起搏器的植入率更高(主要因进展为高度AVB)[10]。所以将引起LBBB、高度AVB的预测因素与PPM植入的预测因素一并讨论,以便更加全面的认识。
1.1 瓣膜的选择
1.1.1 瓣膜的类型
目前运用于临床的瓣膜主要有CoreValve System、Edwards SAPIEN以及在欧洲运用较广泛的Direct Flow Medical(DFM,Santa Rosa,CA,USA)瓣膜系统。在多个研究中均得到这样一个结论,即与球囊膨胀的Edwards SAPIEN相比,自膨胀的CoreValve术后新发LBBB和PPM植入的概率更高[3,11-14]。其中,头对头的随机临床试验CHOICE的数据显示,CoreValve系统术后PPM植入率为37.6%,而Edwards SAPIEN瓣膜系统则为17.3%,且差异有显著意义[14]。甚至有学者认为CoreValve系统的使用是发生传导阻滞最重要的相关因素,这可能与CoreValve系统框架更长,植入的位置更深有关[3]。
另外,研究也发现不同类型的瓣膜对传导功能障碍持续时间的影响也有着显著差异。在使用Edwards SAPIEN瓣膜系统的患者中,超过半数的传导功能障碍会在术后几天至几个月内消失[13,15-16]。而使用CoreValve瓣膜系统的大多数患者,传导功能障碍会一直持续到出院,直至1年的随访时间[17]。
在随机临床试验FRANCE2中,研究人员将第三代CoreValve瓣膜(即CoreValve Accutrak)与老一代的CoreValve瓣膜对比发现,虽然前者对其输送系统做了改进,但并未减少TAVI术后PPM的植入率和全因死亡率[18]。不过也有研究得出的结论截然相反,即新一代 CoreValve Accutrak能减少瓣膜植入深度,并因此降低新发LBBB的发生率和PPM植入率[19-20]。
尽管关于两种瓣膜系统孰优孰劣还有争议,但随着操作经验的不断积累和输送系统的不断更新换代,两种瓣膜系统引起传导功能异常较之前都有了显著的下降[3,21]。减少瓣膜框架周围组织的接触损伤和可回收功能是目前瓣膜研究中最大的挑战。一些新的瓣膜已经实现重新定位释放的功能,例如DFM瓣膜和Lotus瓣膜(Sadra Medical Inc,Los Gatos,CA,USA)等[22-24]。在欧洲实行的DISVOVER (Evaluation of the Direct Flow Medical Percutaneous Aortic Valve 18F System for the Treatment of Patients with Severe Aortic Stenosis)试验对DFM瓣膜系统的临床应用进行了一个前瞻性、非随机、多中心的研究,结果显示其术后PPM的植入率为21%[25];但是,由于DFM瓣膜对比第一代瓣膜系统显著减少了术后主动脉瓣反流和对比剂诱发的肾损伤,因此越来越受到心脏专家的青睐[26]。
1.1.2 瓣膜释放位置
TAVI瓣膜由于在解剖位置上与传导系统有着特殊的解剖位置关系,所以当瓣膜植入左室流出道的位置越深时,对传导系统造成的损伤和影响越大,发生LBBB或完全AVB的概率也就越高[27-28]。不论是对于CoreValve瓣膜还是Edwards SAPIEN瓣膜,瓣膜植入的位置均被认为是TAVI术后新发LBBB的重要预测因素[13,17,29]。
1.2 患者临床特点
Egger等[30]发现,在使用CoreValve系统的患者中,若在TAVI术前或术中发生束支传导阻滞,则有超过半数可能进展为高度AVB。Urena等[15]则发现TAVI术后新发LBBB的患者中超过1/3为暂时的。另外,与术前存在的LBBB相比,术前存在右束支传导阻滞的患者术后PPM植入率更高,且被认为是PPI最重要的预测因素之一[31-33]。Mouillet等[34]认为术后即刻的QRS波周期是PPI重要的独立预测因子,若患者术后即刻心电图的QRS波周期≤128 ms,则基本没有PPI的需要。
另外,男性、无瓣膜手术史、主动脉钙化、二尖瓣钙化、室间隔厚度等均被认为可能是TAVI术后PPI预测因素[5,33,35]。
1.3 术者的经验
由于心脏传导系统解剖结构的复杂性,从球囊成形到生物瓣膜的膨胀、释放,再到导丝、导管的移除,TAVI术中几乎每个操作都会对传导系统造成影响。在对多名患者TAVI术中持续心电监测的结果进行回顾后,发现传导异常首次发生在球囊扩张后占40%,CoreValve瓣膜系统膨胀后占33%,CoreValve瓣膜释放到左室流出道后占12%,导管移除后占6%,导丝经过主动脉瓣时占4%[36]。所以术者对于心脏解剖结构的认识、手术操作熟练程度以及对于传导阻滞的早期识别均直接影响了TAVI术后传导阻滞的发生和PPM的植入。
上述的种种预测因素证据大多来自小型队列试验、meta分析和描述性研究,仍需要大型随机临床试验的进一步验证。目前在临床上,要根据个体化原则对患者进行综合评估,做出最有利于患者预后的治疗决策。
2 植入指征
2.1 植入指征
目前就TAVI术后起搏器植入的指征尚无统一共识[37],普遍认可的指征有高度AVB(莫氏Ⅱ型或者更高度AVB)、新发LBBB(伴或不伴长PR间期)。
2.1.1 新发LBBB(伴或不伴PR间期延长)的植入指征
关于LBBB术后起搏器的植入一直存在争议,也是研究的热点课题。一方面,Urena等[15]发现,在运用球囊扩张瓣膜系统的TAVI术后患者中,若术后出现LBBB则发生完全AVB的风险也相对较高。另外有研究认为,术后新发LBBB,尤其伴QRS延长的LBBB是TAVI术后全因死亡的重要独立风险因子,这可能与心脏不同步性收缩有关[38-39]。另一方面,Ramazzina等[40]对TAVI术后PPM植入的患者进行了随访,发现约1/3的患者真正需要起搏器的心室起搏,且所有需要起搏的患者均为高度AVB患者。Boerlage-Van等[33]则发现约1/5术后新发的LBBB是暂时的,PPM植入的患者中1/5只有短期心脏起搏的必要。
综上,TAVI术后出现LBBB是否需要植入PPM没有统一共识,PPM植入很大程度取决于研究人员或激进或保守的治疗策略,这也是造成了各研究之间PPM植入率巨大差别的重要因素[3,13,40-41]。
2.1.2 AVB的植入指征
研究数据显示TAVI术后发生高度AVB的患者中,约17%的患者可以缓解,并且没有明确的缓解预测因子[40]。因此,一般认为TAVI术后出现Ⅱ度或Ⅲ度AVB是PPM植入的指征。
3 植入时机
一般在TAVI术后,会常规植入临时起搏器。若患者在48~72 h监测中没有出现传导障碍,则在移除起搏器后继续遥测心电监护数天。研究发现,由于高度或完全传导阻滞,在TAVI术后24 h和48 h植入起搏器的概率分别为33%和50%[42-43],这与目前欧洲推荐的标准相矛盾。后者建议对TAVI术后出现高度或完全AVB的患者,进行为期7 d的临床观察和心电监护,在明确传导功能障碍为暂时性还是永久性后,再决定是否植入PPM(ⅠC级证据),仅当出现完全AVB伴脱逸心律时可以结束观察并植入PPM[38]。
Egger等[30]对术前或术中发生束支传导阻滞的患者预防性植入PPM和心腔内心电监护,发现近半数后来发展为高度AVB的患者首次记录的发病时间在出院后(平均住院天数13 d)。最近一段时间,对于出院后PPI的必要性也不断被报道[44-46]。另一方面,Pereira等[35]的研究则认为PPI对于出院患者不是必要的。Simms等[47]也认为随着时间推移,患者对于起搏器的依赖性也是不断下降的。
延长术后监测时间固然是安全也是合理的,但无疑增加了患者住院天数和费用。除了进一步临床随机试验的验证外,根据每个患者术前临床解剖特点和术中传导系统损伤情况,制定相应的监测周期和植入时机可能是最佳的处理方法。
4 预后
Dizon等[48]将PARTNER试验中行TAVI手术的患者分为4组,分别为术前已安装起搏器组、术后新植入起搏器组、LBBB/无起搏器组和无起搏器组。在对患者的1年随访中,研究人员发现:前3组的全因死亡率高于无起搏器组,且临床、结局更差,进一步数据分析得出起搏器为TAVI术后1年病死率的独立危险因素。van der Boon等[11]认为,心室起搏诱导的房室和心室间的不协调工作形成了医源性LBBB,从而影响心室充盈每搏量和心排血量,是起搏器影响患者预后的重要机制。然而,Gensas等[49]在另一个为期5年的随访中发现,TAVI术后PPM植入组和非植入组在全因死亡、心血管死亡和心力衰竭的发生率上并无显著差异。
从2002年第一台TAVI手术走进临床,到近期全球激增的手术数量,TAVI操作方法、器材等均在不断发展中,TAVI术后PPM植入也无统一共识,这些都影响了其预后研究的真实性和有效性,故需大样本的长期临床随机试验来进一步明确。
5 总结
综上所述,尽管TAVI对比外科手术主动脉瓣植入有着更高的收益/风险比,但其显著的术后并发症仍应得到重视。这其中,TAVI术后传导功能障碍导致的起搏器植入是最重要也是最复杂的术后并发症,本篇综述从TAVI术后传导功能障碍的机制、预测因素以及PPI的指征、时机等多个方面对目前最新的研究进展进行了总结,希望能促进对于TAVI术后起搏器植入更加深入的了解,为将来深入研究打下基础。
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Permanent Pacemaker Implantation after Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
ZHAN Zhi,GUAN Lihua
(DepartmentofCardiology,ZhongshanHospital,FudanUniversity,Shanghai200032,China)
带双孔房间隔限流器造瘘对犬肺动脉高压模型作用机制的研究 (14ZR1406700)
詹智(1991—),住院医师,在读硕士,主要从事心血管病研究。Email:zhanzhi1991@163.com
管丽华(1975—),副教授,副主任医师,硕士,主要从事心血管病研究。Email: guan1301@hotmail.com
2016-08-01