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种植支持式固定修复体两种固位方式的研究进展

2016-02-17

中国医药导报 2016年21期
关键词:植体基台粘接剂

祝 洁 彭 静

中国武警总医院口腔科,北京100039

种植支持式固定修复体两种固位方式的研究进展

祝 洁 彭 静

中国武警总医院口腔科,北京100039

种植支持式固定修复体的固位方式主要分为粘接固位与螺丝固位,学者们对于二者的选择一直存有争议,本文从这个问题出发,就其各自在种植修复体加工难易度及成本、修复体被动就位、取戴便利性、咬合负载应力、修复体固位力、美观效果、对周围组织健康的影响、种植体及修复体成功率八个方面,对最新研究进展做一综述,以期为临床应用提供参考。

粘接固位;螺丝固位;种植支持式;固定修复

种植支持式固定义齿的固位方式主要包括粘接固位与螺丝固位,学者们对于二者的选择一直存有争议。本文将从这个问题出发,就其各自临床适用情况及优缺点的最新进展做一综述。

1 修复体加工难易度及成本

由于可利用传统修复技术和条件[1-2],所以粘接固位修复体的制作更简单,但做美学区修复时,常需用螺丝固位式临时修复体塑造个性化穿龈形态,同时借助它可获得软组织的精确复制,边缘更密合[3]。在维护方面,螺丝固位可以用比粘接固位更少的时间[4-5]修理或更换修复体部件。但螺丝固位修复时需要额外的部件,通常在使用成本上会更高一些[6],所以一定要权衡好选择螺丝固位增加的成本和可能破坏粘接式修复体的潜在成本。

2 修复体被动就位

获得被动就位是保证长期种植修复、防止机械并发症的先决条件。这或许是由于达到被动就位修复体不会在植体和骨之间产生不良应力,且能使固位螺丝完全发挥作用而把种植相关部件牢牢结合成一体[7],反之,可能会产生生物性或修复体方面的并发症。

有研究中认为粘接固位比螺丝固位修复体更容易获得被动就位[8-9],而大多数研究报道二者并无统计学差异[10-13]。此外,尽管受固位机制和潜在参数很小的影响,种植固定修复体应力的产生主要在于制作过程的精准度[14],由于加工设备内部固有误差等因素,修复体几乎不可能达到完全的被动就位[15]。

3 修复体取戴便利性

涉及多个种植体的螺丝固位修复体难免在制作中有一定程度形变,通常认为粘接固位补偿了这种误差,不过它不具备取戴上的便利性[16]。有学者为了兼顾二者的优点[17],进行了许多改良固位方式的尝试,取得了不错的效果。

与粘接固位相比,螺丝固位主要优点就是可预期的取戴便利性,这样不必损坏修复体或固位装置。因此,可随时评估种植体和软组织的情况,便于清除牙石、清理种植部件等。所以悬臂式和A11-On-4等全牙弓种植修复体最好使用螺丝固位[18]。

4 修复体咬合负载应力

有学者指出螺丝固位发生技术性并发症和瓷崩裂的情况要比粘接固位高的多[19],在同样咬合负载条件下,咬合面没有螺丝通道孔的粘接固位可建立理想稳定的咬合接触[2,9],修复体抗折裂强度显著比有孔道的要大[20-21]。同时,螺丝孔道充填材料影响了咬合负载的方向,咬合力会被分散成侧方力传递到植体上,而不是直接的轴向力[16]。而无论在轴向和斜向负载下,粘接固位种植支持式义齿呈现了更好的应力程度及分布[23]。

5 修复体固位力

对于粘接固位修复体,基台的特性比如锥度、表面积和高度及粘接剂类型都可影响固位力[24-25]。根据Jorgensen对天然牙提出的理想锥度概念,许多生产商制作的基台最大锥度为6°[26]。冠和基台通常位于龈下2~3 mm,为确保固位力,基台高度至少为5 mm[27]。所以当牙弓间距离受限,如小于4 mm时,建议用螺丝固位。选择粘接剂时,应根据临床患者情况及粘接剂性能[28-29],现有粘接系统均可获得良好效果。有学者做了10~23年的追踪,证实氧化锌粘接剂可提供充足粘接力,且未发生种植体周围炎[30]。

螺丝固位修复体的固位力由螺丝拧紧产生,所以环抱力不足、螺丝未拧到位、生物机械负载过重、非轴向力、基台和修复体就位不良、种植体直径等都会影响固位力大小[31-33]。

6 修复体美观效果

种植修复最终美观效果很大程度上取决于种植体周围软硬组织余量、类型以及植体位置。受牙槽骨解剖条件限制,螺丝固位的孔道可能会暴露在美学区,此时通常使用粘接固位[35],如果要用螺丝固位,为让螺丝孔远离美学区需使用角度或定订基台[7],螺丝至少偏离种植体长轴17°来为固位螺丝留出足够空间。在后牙区,复合树脂等不透明材料的应用一定程度上改善了修复体的美观。

7 对种植体周围组织健康的影响

粘接剂残留是粘接固位一个常见问题,这会造成软组织炎症及植体周围骨吸收[6,37-38]。因此,戴冠后去除多余粘接剂至关重要。而螺丝固位由于存在微间隙,会有液体或细菌的侵入[39]。不仅如此,有学者在部分无牙颌患者中对比了两种固位方式长期修复效果及并发症,也发现在边缘骨吸收和牙龈指数方面,粘接固位要更好一些[40]。但多数学者认为二者均无统计学差异[41-42]。

8 种植体及修复体成功率

许多因素影响着种植体及其修复体的成功,包括患者全身健康状况、种植位点选择、固位方式选择、生物力学因素、咬合负载情况及口腔卫生维护等[43],固位方式选择是一个重要方面,有许多学者通过长期随机对照试验或系统性综述等对比了两种修复体的成功率,多数认为二者并无统计学差异[44-48]。其中,Wittneben等[47]发现,尽管没有统计学数据,但是总体来讲,螺丝固位修复体在技术性或生物性并发症方面略少一些。

9 小结

种植支持式固定修复体的两种不同固位方式各有优缺点,医师常根据临床需要和自己的偏好来选择,本文从不同角度客观叙述了二者最新研究结果,但是对于两种固位方式均可的情况下,其各自在不同方面的长期临床效果及具有压倒性优势的选择,目前仍缺乏足够循证医学的证据,对此仍需要进一步追踪研究。

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Research progress on two ways of retention for implant-supported fixed prosthesis

ZHU JiePENG Jing
Department of Stomato1ogy,the Genera1 Hospita1 of Chinese Armed Po1ice Force,Beijing100039,China

There are two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed prosthesis,inc1uding cemented and screwed retained prosthesis.It's a controversia1 issue that which way is better among scho1ars.This artic1e discusses the research progress on two ways of retention for imp1ant-supported fixed restoration from eight aspects,inc1uding processing difficu1ty and cost of imp1ant prosthesis,passive fit,retrievabi1ity,occ1usa1 1oad,retention of prosthesis,esthetics,effects on the surrounding tissues,success rate of imp1ant and prostheses,in order to provide a reference for c1inica1 app1ication.

Cemented retainde;Screwed retained;Imp1ant supported;Fixed prosthesis

R783.6

A

1673-7210(2016)07(c)-0086-04

2016-04-21本文编辑:程铭)

祝洁(1989.6-),女,硕士研究生,主要从事口腔医学研究。

彭静(1968.7-),男,博士,主要从事口腔医学研究。

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