急性心肌梗死患者T波电交替及窦性心率震荡的特征及临床意义
2016-02-05赵淑琴黄晓青朱莉张炜任莉娜齐国先
赵淑琴,黄晓青,朱莉,张炜,任莉娜,齐国先
(1.中国医学科学院阜外医院,北京 100037;2.中国医科大学附属第一医院老年心内科)
·论著·
急性心肌梗死患者T波电交替及窦性心率震荡的特征及临床意义
赵淑琴1,黄晓青1,朱莉1,张炜1,任莉娜2,齐国先2
(1.中国医学科学院阜外医院,北京 100037;2.中国医科大学附属第一医院老年心内科)
[摘要]目的研究心肌梗死及心肌梗死合并糖尿病患者T波电交替(TWA)和窦性心率震荡(HRT)的特征及其临床意义。方法选取149例患者,其中心肌梗死 (MI) 57例,心肌梗死合并糖尿病(MI+DM)52例,对照组40例。给予动态心电图检查,应用时域分析法和渐量修正技术分析TWA值,以及HRT的两个参数:震荡初始(TO)、震荡斜率(TS)。分析:①三组患者TWA、TO及TS均值的比较;TWA阳性率的比较;②心肌梗死患者复合心脏事件(室速/室颤、心脏性死亡)的发生率。结果 ①MI组和MI+DM组患者TWA均值及TWA的阳性率明显高于对照组 (P<0.01),MI+DM组患者TWA的阳性率高于MI组,但TWA均值差异无统计学意义;②MI+DM组室速/室颤发生率高于MI组(P<0.05),MI+DM组心脏性死亡患者2例;③心肌梗死患者的震荡初始(TO)较对照组增加(P<0.05),而震荡斜率(TS)则减低(P<0.01)。结论心肌梗死患者TWA值增加,HRT的两个参数-TS减弱而TO增加。TWA和HRT可能为评价心肌梗死患者发生恶性心律失常及心脏性猝死的有用指标。
[关键词]心肌梗死;心律失常;心震荡;猝死,心脏;心电描记术,便携式
急性心肌梗死(AMI)是严重危害人类健康的一种疾病,其发病率和死亡率较高,尤其是发生猝死的危险性较高,预后较差,因此如何识别猝死的高危患者以给予相应的预防和治疗措施,是临床工作者比较关注的热点。人们一直在积极探索有效的评估心肌梗死预后的预测因子。目前T波电交替和心率震荡的研究表明,T波电交替(TWA)和窦性心率震荡(HRT)是预测恶性心律失常和心脏性猝死的有效指标。我们团队应用时域分析法和渐量修正技术分析动态心电图的TWA和HRT,探讨AMI以及合并糖尿病患者的这两项指标的临床特征及其意义。
1对象与方法
1.1研究对象急性心肌梗死组:选取2015年2月至8月在我院心血管内科住院治疗的心肌梗死患者57例;男35例,女22例;年龄36~75岁,平均(60±10)岁。心肌梗死伴糖尿病组共52例患者;男32例,女20例;年龄36~75岁,平均(60±10)岁。AMI的诊断标准:典型的临床表现;心电图的动态演变过程;心肌酶升高及肌钙蛋白阳性。2型糖尿病患者诊断标准:(1)糖化血红蛋白≥6.5%,(2)空腹血糖FPG≥7.0 mmol/L。在心肌梗死后7~14 d进行动态心电图检查,非窦性心律;无室性期前收缩;房室传导阻滞;严重肝肾功能不全;恶性肿瘤等合并其他严重疾病者被排除。对照组:同期在本院体检的年龄、性别相匹配的身体健康者40例;男22例,女18例;年龄42~74岁,平均(63±9)岁。三组入选者在接受动态心电图1周内,没有服用(他受体阻滞剂等影响心律的药物;在年龄、性别等基线资料方面差异无统计学意义,具有可比性。
1.2研究方法入选的病例接受动态心电图记录,通过人机对话去除干扰、伪差,采用时域分析法和渐量修正技术计算TWA值(TWA≥47 μV为阳性)[1-2],分析系统自动筛选出符合条件的室性期前收缩,计算震荡初始(TO)和震荡斜率(TS)。TO≥0%为异常,TS≤2.5 ms/RR为异常。①比较三组患者TWA值;分析心肌梗死组和心肌梗死合并糖尿病组复合心脏事件[室性心律失常(包括室性心动过速、心室颤动)及猝死]的发生率;②比较震荡初始(TO)及震荡斜率(TS)的均值差异无统计学意义。
1.3统计学处理采用SPSS17.0统计软件进行数据处理,计数资料采用χ2检验,组间比较用单因素方差分析,复合心脏事件比较采用Fisher检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2结果
2.1三组患者TWA值比较MI组[(57.82±17.80)μV]、MI+T2DM组[(60.19±17.09)μV]与对照组[(36.07±10.42)μV]比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2.2三组患者TWA(≥47 μV)阳性率的比较MI组[39例(68.4%)]、MI+T2DM组[36例(69.2%)]与对照组[2例(5%)]比较,均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.3心肌梗死和心肌梗死合并糖尿病患者复合心脏事件发生率的比较MI+T2DM组室性心律失常(VT/VF)发生率(15.4%)高于MI组(1.8%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MI+T2DM组心脏性猝死(SCD)发生例数(2例)高于MI组(0例),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
2.4 三组患者心率震荡参数-TO、TS均值比较 MI组、MI+T2DM组TS均值[(5.25±5.32)ms/RR、(5.05±4.97)ms/RR]与对照组[(12.52±5.16)ms/RR]比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MI组、MI+T2DM组TO均值[(-0.71±2.22)%、(-0.97±3.25)%]与对照组[(-2.18±1.88)%]比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
3讨论
TWA是指在心律规整时,体表心电图上T波形态、极性和振幅的逐搏交替变化。TWA代表心室肌细胞复极化的不一致性,是产生折返的基础[3-5]。T波电交替可由运动试验、心房起搏或除颤式心电描记术诱发,用于鉴别发生致死性心律失常或心脏性猝死(SCD)的高危人群[6-10]。近来TWA被推荐作为预测心律失常危险分层的I级证据[11]。然而,传统的TWA频域分析方法结果不直观、患者心率必须维持在一定范围内才能使用、需专用检查设备及方法、价格昂贵等,因而频域法TWA的无法广发推广应用。近年来随着渐量修正技术的产生和应用,使时域法分析TWA应用范围得到扩展。REFINE研究发现,动态心电图-TWA较运动试验-TWA预测心脏终点事件的作用更加显著[12]。EPHESUS研究提示TWA≥47 μV时发生SCD的风险较小于47 μV时增加5.5倍,进一步证实了动态心电图-TWA对心肌梗死后心力衰竭患者发生恶性心脏事件的预测价值[13]。本研究采用时域分析法和渐量修正技术分析动态心电图-TWA,结果提示急性心肌梗死患者以及心肌梗死合并糖尿病患者的TWA值明显高于健康对照者。
目前大部分的研究表明,室性早搏后心脏无效收缩引起的血流动力学变化是导致HRT产生的机制。HRT有两个时项:TO、TS,分别代表了窦性周期早期加速过程和相继的后期减速过程。根据Schmidt等[14]给出的公式:
TO=100×[(RR1+RR2)-(RR-2+RR-1)]/(RR-2+RR-1),心率震荡用于心肌梗死危险分层的评估[15]。本研究表明心肌梗死患者与对照组比较,HRT变钝、TS减弱而TO增加。迷走神经具有抗心律失常作用,本研究结果表明这种保护性作用被破坏。糖尿病是临床上的常见病和多发病,是心血管系统疾病的危险因素,冠心病所致的死亡约占糖尿病患者死亡的75%。有研究表明糖尿病能够增加SCD的发生风险[16]。我们推测心肌缺血后,心肌细胞结构、功能均受到不同程度损伤,心肌细胞复极化不协调,心室肌电活动更加不稳定,容易发生恶性室性心律失常,病死率增加。
综上所述,TWA与心率变异性、心室晚电位等一些心电学指标一样,在临床上的应用越来越普遍。尤其对于缺血性心脏病、心肌病等患者发生恶性心律失常以及心脏性猝死的预测作用越来越引起大家的重视。但TWA的应用也有一定的局限性,且与相关疾病的预警价值以及确切的作用机制等,还需要进一步的研究和探讨。
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作者简介:赵淑琴,助理研究员,Email:junqin8731@163.com
中图分类号:R542.22
文献标识码:A
DOI:10.3969/J.issn.1672-6790.2016.03.016
(收稿日期:2016-04-10)
The clinical manifestation and characteristic of ambulatory ecg-based t-wave alternans and heart rate turbulence in patients with acute myocardial infarction
ZhaoShuqin*,HuangXiaoqing,ZhuLi,ZhangWei,RenLi'na,QiGuoxian
(*FuwaiHospital,CAMS&PUMC,Beijing100037,China)
[Abstract]ObjectiveTo explored the characteristic and clinical manifestation in patients with ischemic heart diseases according to T-wave alternans (TWA) using modified moving average (MMA) method and heart rate turbulence (HRT).MethodsA analysis of 149 patients who underwent MMA-based TWA and HRT divided into 3 groups: group-C of 40 controls,group-MI of 57 patients with myocardial infarction,52 patients with MI with diabetes(group-MI+DM).The TWA was calculated automatically using time-domain modified moving average method.Group-MI was divided into two subgroups: HRT abnormal subgroup and HRT normal subgroup and the accidence of cardiac events of inhospitalization was observed in the two subgroups.ResultThe TWA value was differ significantly between MI and controls (P<0.001).Among MI with diabetes,the accidence of ventricular tachyarrhythmia is higher than MI.Impaired HRT were observed most frequently in group- MI (P<0.05),especially the decrease of the HRT onset slope (TS) (P<0.05).ConclusionT-wave alternans is elevated in patients following myocardial infarction.Weaken HRT,increased To and decreased TS were observed in myocardial infarction patients.TWA and HRT may be independent predictors of cardiac and arrhythmic death in myocardial infarction patients.
[Key words]Myocardial infarction;Arrhythmia;Commotio cordis;Death,sudden,cardiac;Electrocardiography,ambulatory