人和动物的类圆线虫病
2016-01-31杨光友
林 海,杨光友
人和动物的类圆线虫病
林海,杨光友
四川农业大学动物医学院,温江611130
四川省科技支撑计划项目(2014SZ0132)资助
摘要:类圆线虫病是一种被忽视的寄生虫病,呈全球性分布,人和动物均可发生。该病严重危害人和动物的健康,尤其是粪类圆线虫在人体免疫力和抵抗力下降时大量繁殖,向全身各器官扩散,造成严重的后果。本文对类圆线虫的生物学和致病性等研究进展进行了综述,主要包括流行病学、致病性、分子生物学、诊断和防治等。
关键词:类圆线虫病;流行病学;致病性;分子生物学;诊断
类圆线虫病(Strongyloidiasis)是由杆形目(Rhabditida)、类圆科(Strongyloididae)、类圆属(Strongyloides)的线虫寄生于人和动物体内所引起的疾病。该病严重危害人类和动物的健康,尤其当人体免疫水平下降时,粪类圆线虫大量繁殖,向全身各器官扩散,引起人的重度感染,甚至造成人的死亡。目前报道的类圆属线虫已达50多种,可感染哺乳类、爬行类、鸟类和两栖类动物[1]。其中,对人和动物危害最严重的种类有:粪类圆线虫(Strongyloidesstercoralis)、福氏类圆线虫(Strongyloidesfuelleborni)、乳突类圆线虫(Strongyloidespapillosus)和兰氏类圆线虫(Strongyloidesransomi)[2-3]。本文主要概述这4种类圆线虫的研究进展。
1形态与生物学
寄生期雌虫主要寄生于宿主的小肠前部的黏膜下层(十二指肠和空肠前端),体长约为2~3 mm,具丝状食道。自由生活世代的雄虫和雌虫具有杆状食道,虫体均较小(体长小于2 mm),雄虫有交合刺、引器和副引器等辅助生殖器官。雌虫的阴门根据虫种不同,可位于虫体腹部、中部或后部。虫卵呈短椭圆形,薄壳,内含幼虫[4-7]。
4种类圆线虫的生活史均为世代交替,寄生于人体及动物小肠内的雌虫营孤雌生殖。生活周期分为两部分:直接发育和间接发育[8-9]。直接发育型:虫卵随人及动物的粪便排出,在外界孵出第1期幼虫(称为杆虫型幼虫或杆状蚴),然后直接发育为具有感染性的第3期幼虫(称为丝虫型幼虫或丝状蚴),经皮肤侵入宿主,最后在小肠粘膜发育为成虫。间接发育型:在适宜的外界环境下,第1期杆虫型幼虫经4次蜕皮,在48 h内发育为自由生活的雌虫和雄虫,性成熟后交配产卵,卵孵出杆状蚴,经蜕皮发育为下一代成虫[10-11]。
2流行病学
2.1粪类圆线虫粪类圆线虫主要寄生于人、灵长类动物以及犬和猫等也可感染。主要分布于热带和亚热带地区(包括非洲,大洋洲、拉丁美洲,东南亚,欧洲东部和中部)[12-13]。全世界大约有30~100百万人感染粪类圆线虫,但其流行情况似被低估[3,14-15]。
非洲地区该虫感染率从中非共和国的0.1%到加蓬的91.8%[16];澳大利亚该虫感染率为15%[17]。在拉丁美洲,秘鲁、阿根廷、哥伦比亚和巴西该虫感染率分别为75.3%、52.8%、56.2%和13%[18-20]。东南亚是粪类圆线虫重要流行地区之一,老挝人群感染率为26.2%,孟加拉人群感染率为29.8%,泰国人群感染率为23.7%[21]。该病主要发生在经济和卫生条件差的发展中国家,在发达国家极少发生[22]。但近年来,由于越来越多的移民者、旅游者和难民涌入发达国家,其病例呈上升趋势[23]。
我国1996年调查显示,有26个省(市、区)查到粪类圆线虫感染者,全国平均感染率为0.122%,主要流行在东南部及南部地区,感染率最高的是海南省(1.709 %)[24]。地处黄河下游黄泛区的山东省博兴县,1999年该虫感染率为1.29%(11/854),无明显性别及年龄差异[25]。2007年有报道云南省勐海县居民该虫感染率为11.60%(33/283),远高于1996年全国平均水平[26]。
2.2福氏类圆线虫福氏类圆线虫主要感染灵长类动物,但在非洲也是人体内的常见寄生虫。在非洲的新几内亚(New Guinea)也有该虫(Strongyloides fuelleborni kelleyi)的人体感染病例报道。在新几内亚,小孩的感染率为20%~100%,成年人感染率为5%~20%[27],克纳比周边地区5岁龄小孩的感染率为27%(48/179)[28]。
灵长类动物易感染福氏类圆线虫,在坦桑尼亚的马哈勒山脉地区,黑猩猩的感染率为40%(161/403)[29]。成都、北京和广州等21个城市的动物园灵长类动物福氏类圆线虫感染率:环尾狐猴2.16%(3/139)、白眉长臂猿7.14%(1/14)、白颊长臂猿7.02%(4/57)和黑猩猩3.77%(2/53)[30]。福建省某实验动物中心的猕猴该虫的感染率达33.3%(36/108),为体内主要的寄生虫[31]。
2.3兰氏类圆线虫兰氏类圆线虫主要寄生于猪小肠黏膜内,是引起仔猪腹泻的重要病原。流行地区包括印度、肯尼亚和中国等热带和亚热带地区。在印度,梅加拉亚邦地区猪的平均感染率为17.45%(413/2 370)[32];那加兰邦地区猪的感染率为10%(8/80)[33]。肯尼亚的布西亚地区猪的感染率为37%(113/306)[34],远高于内罗毕和尼扬扎省地区4.3%(5/115)的感染率[35]。在我国,该虫分布于河北、四川和江西等16个省区[36]。广西规模化猪场该虫感染率为2.26%(39/1 726)、9.11(76/834),而散养户猪群感染率为7.03%(91/1295)[37-38]。河南省规模化猪场的该虫感染率5.15%(52/1 010)、5.45%(61/1 119)[39-40];江西省8个市区的规模化猪场,该虫的平均感染率为2.73%(35/1301)[41]。
2.4乳突类圆线虫乳突类圆线虫(Strongyloides papillosus)主要寄生于绵羊、山羊、黄牛、鹿、麝等家养及野生反刍动物的小肠黏膜内。本虫种呈世界性分布,在我国分布于青海、四川和福建等27个省区[36],是危害我国草食动物的重要虫种。
湖南常德滨湖水牛该虫感染率40%(12/30)[42];安徽省某奶牛场该虫感染率为3.6%(29/814)[43]。湖南湘西山羊该虫感染率51%(258/506)[44];河北邯郸集约化羊养殖场该虫感染率为3.9%(7/179),放牧散养羊群的感染率为27%(51/189)[45];北京房山绒山羊的感染率为36.9%(369/1 000)[46]。
在四川人工饲养的林麝中,曾报道林麝乳突类圆线虫感染率可达55.6%(130/232),其中育成麝高达93.3%(42/45)[47]。
3致病性
3.1粪类圆线虫急性感染:在接触粪类圆线虫幼虫几分钟后,丝状蚴钻入皮肤,引起瘙痒。在24 h后,在丝状蚴钻入皮肤的位置出现水肿、荨麻疹和出血点。侵入皮肤的丝状蚴数量多及患者敏感性高会加强病症。此外,低烧,轻微的不适和嗜酸性粒细胞增多等症状会持续几天。约1周后,幼虫移行到肺部和支气管时,可使肺泡出血、细支气管炎性浸润,通常表现为过敏性支气管炎、小叶性肺炎或哮喘。3周过后,幼虫进入肠腺窝,往往形成慢性病,此阶段可不出现症状。有临床症状的患者表现为空腹痛,痉挛,间歇性腹泻,便秘和厌食[48-49]。
慢性感染:慢性感染临通常无症状。有临床症状者主要表现为腹痛,胃灼热,消化不良,恶心呕吐,厌食,腹泻和体重减轻,胸痛,咳嗽,呼吸困难,荨麻疹等。当成虫寄生于肠黏膜,引起炎症反应和肠黏膜组织的损害,造成卡他性肠炎,严重时为水肿性肠炎[50]。若寄生于胆道或肝内,则可引起肝肿大、右上腹痛、发热等类似胆道感染表现。粪类圆线虫感染可引起肥厚性幽门狭窄,引起幽门狭窄[51]。
重度感染:多数粪类圆线虫感染早期都是无症状或症状轻微,可长期与宿主相安共处,其发病与机体免疫功能密切相关。当机体因其他疾病,先天性免疫缺陷或长期大剂量使用激素和免疫抑制剂,致免疫力和抵抗力明显下降时,寄生于小肠的粪类圆线虫即趁机大量产卵,孵出杆状蚴,杆状蚴迅速发育为丝状蚴,大量的虫体在体内移行,在全身各器官中扩散,引起自身重度感染[52-53]。丝状蚴随粪便排出时,可从肠粘膜再次侵入,使其反复自体感染,且虫体移行过程中,可将肠道病原菌带入血液,而引起机体继发性感染,造成机体呼吸道和消化道诸多症状(如咳血、呼吸困难、麻痹性肠梗阻和全身中毒症状等)[54-55]。国内也有粪类圆线虫移行过程中侵染颅脑的病例报道,粪类圆线虫侵入颅脑,引起颅内高压,患出现头痛、头晕、颈硬和剧烈呕吐等症状[56]。
糖尿病、干燥综合征及HIV等疾病患者,长期口服激素及免疫抑制剂治疗,使机体呈免疫抑制状态,为虫体生长繁殖提供机会,此时粪类圆线虫大量繁殖,引发了重度播散性自身感染,最终导致患者死亡[57-60]。
李友松等(2003)[5]曾报道,人粪类圆线虫重度感染合并糖尿病致死的病例。患者由于糖尿病,长期大量使用激素类药物,致自身免疫功能低下,最终导致粪类圆线虫的大量自身感染,同时粪类圆线虫的重度感染,加快了病情的恶化与机体功能的衰竭,最终出现不可逆转的危害。HTLV-1和HIV等疾病造成机体免疫力下降,大大增加了粪类圆线虫重度感染的几率,同时重度感染也加快了病情的恶化,最终导致机体多器官功能衰竭而死亡[61-62]。
重度粪类圆线虫对机体危害极大,如果不及时采取治疗,死亡率可达100%[63-64]。
3.2福氏类圆线虫人感染福氏类圆线虫通常表现为厌食、腹泻、 恶心呕吐、排稀便,生理检测为嗜酸性粒细胞增多,IgE水平升高[65]。婴儿感染福氏类圆线虫,临床表现为腹部肿胀、呼吸困难、轻度腹泻和间歇性呕吐等症状,同时血清蛋白水平急剧下降、血红蛋白水平偏低和嗜酸性粒细胞增多,治疗不及时,可致婴儿死亡[28]。
黑猩猩感染福氏类圆线虫,临床表现为腹泻、精神倦怠、消瘦和强咳嗽[29]。
3.3兰氏类圆线虫兰氏类圆线虫主要寄生于猪体内,可经口和皮肤感染,幼虫钻入皮肤时,造成皮肤水肿。幼虫在组织器官移行过程中造成组织器官的损害,(如肺部出血,肺泡隔增厚,肺不张等问题)[66-67]。仔猪感染兰氏类圆线虫临床症状为食欲减退、消瘦、腹泻、排黑色稀便,偶有咳嗽,剖解可见腹腔液及心包液增多,胃有溃疡,胃粘膜下轻度水肿[68-69]。
3.4乳突类圆线虫乳突类圆线虫主要寄生于草食动物,其寄生和移行过程都对宿主造成很大损害[70]。
动物感染乳突类圆线虫后常出现腹泻、贫血、厌食、被毛枯黄、体态消瘦等临床症状,有时会引起动物的麻痹性肠梗阻[71-72],剖解可见其肺和肠道出血严重,肝脏多紫红淤血、质地变脆、十二指肠和空肠发生炎症、可见出血点、水肿和糜烂等[73-74],有些动物还会出现共济失调,昏迷及眼球震颤等神经症状[75-76]。
4分子生物学
4.1分子遗传类圆线虫虽寄生宿主不同,但SSU rDNA基因序列分析表明,属内各虫种之间关系紧密[77]。
福氏类圆线虫(非洲狒狒株、日本猴株和坦桑尼亚猩猩株)和粪类圆线虫(人株、狒狒株和狗株)的18SrRNA(HVR-Ⅳ)序列和COX1序列的分析结果显示:福氏类圆线虫存在3个地理分支,与宿主无相关性;粪类圆线虫存在两个宿主分支(狗和灵长类动物),与地理分布无关。福氏类圆线虫由于地理分布不同而形成亚种分化,而由于近年来人的迁徙活动,使粪类圆线虫分布呈全球化趋势[65]。
4.2线粒体基因组粪类圆线虫的线粒体基因组大小为13 758 bp,含有36个基因(编码12个蛋白质,22 trns和2 rrns),但缺少atp8基因,其22 trns和2 rrns基因的二级结构与其他线虫相似,trnR转录翻译常以TTT作为起始密码子,GCG作为反密码子。粪类圆线虫线粒体的基因排序与已报道的其他线虫均不同,仅有两个相同排序的基因段(atp6-nad2和cox2-rrnL)[78]。
4.3基因组粪类圆线虫基因组大小为43 Mb,包含13 114个基因,基因组序列含有21 058内含子(占基因组全部序列的9.4%),其内含子明显少于自由生活的秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditiselegans)和处于进化枝Ⅰ,Ⅲ和Ⅴ的寄生线虫[79]。
4.4转录组粪类圆线虫7个发育阶段(自由世代的雌虫、自由世代的一期幼虫、自由世代的三期幼虫、感染性三期幼虫、寄生期一期幼虫、寄生世代三期幼虫、寄生期雌虫)的RNA序列包含了23.6亿reads,其中74%与粪类圆线虫基因组重叠群相匹配[80]。
粪类圆线虫三期幼虫转录组有253 266(82 490 223bp)个短序列,已确定8 037个假定蛋白[81-82],其中3 759个假定蛋白与人蛋白有相似性。分泌-排泄蛋白是寄生虫与宿主之间内在关系的关键[83],在假定蛋白中,有331个(4.12%)为分泌-排泄蛋白,分析预测出了几个治疗粪类圆线虫三期幼虫的靶标,包括磷酸甘油酸盐变位酶,谷氨酸合成酶,异柠檬酸裂解酶和醇脱氢酶。
粪类圆线虫DNA微阵列分析显示:其三期幼虫和一期幼虫之间的基因表达存在差异,一期幼虫基因大多参与转录表达,而三期幼虫基因倾向于热休克蛋白(如hsp-90)和免疫反应性物质(如SsIR和NIE)的表达[84]。
5蛋白组学
粪类圆线虫三期幼虫经胰蛋白酶消化处理后得到26个蛋白。胰蛋白酶短消化得到13种表面蛋白,其中细胞骨架结构蛋白中肌动蛋白的含量最高,其他蛋白包括代谢酶类(如琥珀酸脱氢酶)和核蛋白同源物(如组蛋白2A),免疫反应性蛋白IgG和IgE也在短消化后得到。胰蛋白酶长消化得到了Hsp70、ATP-合酶、鸟嘌呤核酸结合蛋白G等。经洗涤剂萃取后还可得到柠檬酸合成酶、烯醇酶、胍基磷酸转移酶和组蛋白4[85]。粪类圆线虫转录组和蛋白组的研究成果,有助于了解宿主与寄生虫间的相互作用关系。
6诊断
6.1病原学诊断人粪类圆线虫病可通过在新鲜粪便或痰液中查见杆状蚴或丝状蚴进行诊断。直接涂片法检出率较低,可用离心沉淀法或沉淀法检查粪便、痰液和呕吐物中的病原体,也可以采用贝尔曼法检测患者粪便[86-87],琼脂糖平板培养法也是一种高效的诊断方法,可用于群体调查[88]。动物类圆线虫病的诊断主要是采用漂浮法检查新鲜粪便内的虫卵。
6.2免疫学诊断免疫诊断主要为抗体检测(间接ELISA、免疫荧光抗体试验、免疫印迹法、荧光素酶免疫沉淀反应系统等)、抗原检测和免疫复合物检测[2]。Van Doorn (2007)用粪类圆线虫幼虫作为抗原,建立了侵染棒法,检测血清中IgG, 此技术操作简单且需要的抗原量少,此方法用来诊断类圆线虫病其敏感性和特异性达91%和98%。同时,他用粪类圆线虫的体细胞抗原建立的ELISA检测方法,特异性达到了97%,运用此方法研发的免疫诊断商品试剂盒IVD-ELISA,其敏感性和特异性达到了91%和99%[89-90]。免疫荧光抗体试验(IFAT)技术被广泛用于检测患者血清中的抗体,以此来诊断疾病。最近研究表明,IFAT与其他4种血清学试验相比,显示出更高的敏感性,此方法还可以定量的检测抗体滴定度[91]。干血斑抗体酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA),只需要很少量的血液就可以完成检测,试验的敏感性和特异性分别为85.7%和88.9%,此方法在大规模检测粪类圆线虫病时具有很大优势[92]。近年来,荧光素酶免疫沉淀反应系统也被用于诊断类圆线虫病,其试验的敏感性和特异性高达97%和100%,与丝虫病没有交叉反应[93]。
6.3分子诊断技术PCR方法主要以18Sr DNA、ITS1和28S RNA为目的基因进行扩增检测,其特异性都达到了100%[94-95]。RT-PCR用于柬埔寨218名在校学生粪样的检测时灵敏度和特异性分别为88.9%和92.7%[96]。
18Sr DNA和Cox1基因序列可鉴别粪类圆线虫和福氏类圆线虫[97],且15种类圆线虫的32个不同虫株可通过18SrDNA序列的4个高变区(HVR-Ⅰ至HVR-Ⅳ)进行互相鉴别[98]。改良粪类圆线虫DNA提取方法,采用PCR技术检测17个粪类圆线虫阳性样品,检测率为100%,具有很高的灵敏度和特异性[99]。
7免疫预防
粪类圆线虫的虫体蛋白能引起小鼠IgG免疫反应,用免疫产生的IgG蛋白免疫小鼠后,减虫率可达83%[100]。粪类圆线虫感染者血清中的IgG经纯化后免疫小鼠,可减少小鼠体内76%的粪类圆线虫幼虫[101]。粪类圆线虫抗原(Ss-TMY-1、Ss-EAT-6 和 Ss-LEC-5)和高免疫原性抗原(Ss-NIE-1和 Ss-IR)免疫小鼠,结果显示(Ss-IR)免疫性最高,可作为潜在的疫苗[102]。
乳突类圆线虫人工免疫主要采用Co604000伦琴(R)、20 000伦琴和40 000伦琴照射其丝状幼虫及用丝状幼虫的冻融提取物经一次和二次免疫接种家兔,照射组和抗原组的兔子对乳突类圆线虫都有一定的免疫力,且Co60照射致弱虫苗免疫性优于抗原提取物,其中40000伦琴照射致弱虫苗二次免疫的效果最好[103]。
8结语
随着生活水平的提高,饲养宠物及外出旅游的人数增多,导致粪类圆线虫感染的机会增加。近年,我国艾滋病患者不断增多及其他疾病伴发粪类圆线虫病的患者也较常见,且这一类患者自身免疫水平和抵抗力低下,易引起粪类圆线虫的重度感染,严重威胁人们的生命健康。在我国灵长类动物中还存在福氏类圆线虫的感染与流行。同时,乳突类圆线虫和兰氏类圆线虫对家养动物的危害也较严重。因此,今后应该重视这类寄生虫的监测与防控,以确保人体与动物健康。
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DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1002-2694.2016.05.012 tropica, 2013, 126(2): 89-92.10. 1016/j. actatropica. 2012. 12. 012
通讯作者:杨光友,Email:guangyou1963@aliyun.com
中图分类号:R383
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1002-2694(2016)05-477-09
Corresponding author:Yang Guang-you, Email:guangyou1963@aliyun.com
收稿日期:2015-11-12修回日期:2016-03-16
Strongyloidiasis of human and animals
LIN Hai,YANG Guang-you
(DepartmentofParasitology,CollegeofVeterinaryMedicine,SichuanAgriculturalUniversity,Wenjiang611130,China)
Abstract:Strongyloidiasis is one of the most neglected parasitic diseases with worldwide distribution which occurs in both humans and animals. Strongyloidiasis greatly threatened human and animal health, especially in immunocompromised hosts/Strongyloides may multiply rapidly, spread to each organ and cause fatal hyperinfection. This review covers its morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular biology,diagnosis, treatment and prevention.
Key words:strongyloidiasis; epidemiology; pathogenesis; molecular biology; diagnosis Supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Program (No.2014SZ0132)