脊髓损伤后神经源性逼尿肌过度活动的神经调节疗法①
2016-01-30张芹洪毅王方永刘舒佳
张芹,洪毅,2,王方永,2,刘舒佳,2
·专题·
脊髓损伤后神经源性逼尿肌过度活动的神经调节疗法①
张芹1,洪毅1,2,王方永1,2,刘舒佳1,2
脊髓损伤后,很多患者出现逼尿肌过度活动,常常引起泌尿道感染、膀胱输尿管返流,甚至肾衰竭,严重影响患者的生活质量。本文结合脊髓损伤后膀胱逼尿肌过度活动的发生机制、一般治疗方法及神经调节疗法进行综述,并分别对经皮胫后神经调节、阴部神经调节和骶神经调节展开阐述。
脊髓损伤;神经源性逼尿肌过度活动;神经调节;综述
[本文著录格式]张芹,洪毅,王方永,等.脊髓损伤后神经源性逼尿肌过度活动的神经调节疗法[J].中国康复理论与实践,2016,22(8):892-895.
CITED AS:Zhang Q,Hong Y,Wang FY,et al.Neuromodulation therapy for neurogenic detrusor overactivity after spinal cord injury (review)[J].Zhongguo Kangfu Lilun Yu Shijian,2016,22(8):892-895.
脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCI)可导致损伤平面以下神经系统功能障碍,其中最为常见的并发症之一是神经源性下尿路功能障碍,发生率可达79%[1]。神经源性逼尿肌过度活动(neurogenic detrusor overactivity,NDO)是指由于神经控制机制紊乱造成的逼尿肌过度活跃,有时是引起脊髓损伤患者死亡的主要原因[2]。目前治疗NDO的主要方法有清洁间歇导尿[3]、药物治疗[4-5]、手术治疗[6]和神经调节疗法[7-8]等。
1 发生机制
膀胱储尿和排尿活动是在神经系统调控下完成的。尿路的神经控制可被理解为一个分成节段的系统,每一节段被更高级节段所促进或抑制[9]。脊髓损伤后出现排尿反射通路的改变。膀胱最初失去中枢的调节(主要是易化作用)而处于低张力或无张力状态,出现完全性尿潴留,但后来随着病情的演变,膀胱逐渐恢复相应的神经调节(主要是对膀胱逼尿肌的抑制作用减弱)而出现反射亢进,导致膀胱容量变小[10]。脊髓损伤后出现NDO,可能是由于抑制逼尿肌收缩反射的减弱和阴部传入神经纤维的激活[11-12]。
控制膀胱的神经主要有腹壁下神经、阴部神经和盆神经。其中,腹壁下神经属于交感神经,由胸腰段脊髓交感神经中枢发出,具有支配膀胱颈部及尿道内括约肌的功能;阴部神经属于躯体神经,支配尿道外括约肌;盆神经属于副交感神经,是参与膀胱感觉和膀胱收缩最重要的神经,来自膀胱的大多数传入神经纤维主要是通过盆神经进入骶髓。人类和动物正常排尿反射在响应下尿路信号传入后触发,并受大脑和脊髓等神经的控制。刺激膀胱的传入神经纤维主要有两种类型,一种是Aδ机械敏感性神经纤维;另一种是C纤维,传导疼痛、温度觉和触觉,对化学性刺激很敏感,而对机械性刺激不敏感[13]。当脊髓损伤或膀胱受到化学刺激时,C纤维介导的感觉神经通路开始发挥作用,表现出自发放电活性,且随膀胱压力上升而表现出活性增加,引起NDO。
2 一般治疗方法
目前,针对NDO的治疗方法有药物治疗、清洁间歇导尿、手术治疗和神经调节疗法等。药物治疗包括胆碱能抑制剂、黄酮哌酯、辣椒素类药物和肉毒毒素等[14-15],但是常会出现不良反应,如口干、消化不良、恶心和便秘等[16-17]。其副作用和低选择性对临床使用有一定限制,甚至有神经毒性。清洁间歇导尿联合抗胆碱能药物是治疗NDO的金标准;然而,许多患者会对药物耐药,或有副作用[3]。因此它常作为辅助治疗,且缺乏长期研究结果的报道。手术治疗通常作为患者最后的选择方式,目前的常用手术术式有自体膀胱扩大术、肠道膀胱扩大术、尿流改道术等,但手术创伤和近期远期并发症使人们饱受困扰。
3 神经调节疗法
神经调节是一种安全有效的治疗方法,主要包括经皮胫后神经调节、阴部神经调节和骶神经调节[18]等。早在1878年Saxtorph就介绍了神经刺激的概念,他对尿潴留的患者进行膀胱内的电刺激[19],从那时对靶器官的直接刺激发展到选择性外周刺激和骶神经刺激(sacral nerve stimulation,SNS)。在19世纪80年代早期,Tanagho等研究骶神经根刺激对膀胱功能的影响[20-22],并为骶神经调节和InterStim(膀胱起搏器)设备的发展奠定了基础[23]。1963年,Caldwell第一次应用植入性电刺激治疗尿失禁,并证明了该方法的有效性[24]。1988年,Schmidt使用SNS的方法对几例伴有尿失禁并有影像学表现的尿潴留患者进行临床实验研究,并且描述了电极插入的步骤[25-27]。1997年,SNS被美国联邦食品与药品管理局(Food And Drug Administration,FDA)用于治疗难治性膀胱过度活动症和尿急-尿频综合征。1999年,骶神经调节被用于治疗有影像学表现的尿潴留。到目前为止,已成为治疗各种膀胱功能障碍的有效治疗措施。
3.1经皮胫后神经调节
经皮胫后神经刺激(posterior tibial nerve stimulation,PTNS)是一种微创的周围神经刺激疗法。胫后神经包含L4~S3的神经纤维,与支配膀胱和盆底的神经纤维起源于相同的脊髓节段[28]。因此,刺激胫后神经可影响膀胱功能。胫后神经调节是临床用于替代药物抑制逼尿肌收缩,恢复膀胱容量的有效方法[29]。在麻醉的动物模型实验证明,胫后神经调节可抑制膀胱逼尿肌的过度活动[30-31]。
胫后神经调节的具体机制尚不完全清楚[32]。主要有以下几点假说:①Matsuta等认为,PTNS可激发反射,经下腹神经传至膀胱,通过β肾上腺素能机制松弛逼尿肌[33];②也有多项研究表明,中枢神经系统参与NDO的神经调节机制[34-36];③PTNS通过抑制性神经递质机制起作用,即PTNS可激活抑制性的神经递质,如阿片受体μ、δ和κ,进而抑制逼尿肌的过度活动[34]。
Chen等将100例伴有NDO的脊髓损伤患者随机分成两组,比较PTNS和琥珀酸索利那新治疗脊髓损伤后继发性NDO的疗效,发现两组患者NDO症状都有明显改善,从而证明PTNS治疗脊髓损伤后NDO的有效性[35]。Ojha等实验发现,伴有NDO的10例脊髓损伤(C6~L3)患者,接受经皮表面电刺激胫后神经治疗2周后,患者NDO症状有明显改善;并且继续治疗至第4周,NDO症状进一步改善[36]。Burton等通过Meta分析发现,与安慰剂组相比,PTNS治疗的患者膀胱逼尿肌活动的症状可缓解7倍[37]。此外,Musco等研究发现PTNS不仅可改善女性患者膀胱过度活动症,而且可提高女性患者的性功能[38]。
目前,尚没有PTNS严重不良反应的报道。罕见的暂时性副作用包括疼痛、擦伤、刺痛或插入部位的出血、腿抽筋和脚的疼痛麻木等。且PTNS治疗NDO的有效率为40%~100%[39]。
3.2阴部神经调节
阴部神经是一个包含躯体神经和自主神经的混合神经,从S2、S3、S4神经腹侧发出。阴部神经的传入神经纤维与支配膀胱的盆丛传入神经纤维在相同的水平进入腰骶段脊髓,因此,刺激阴部神经可影响膀胱的功能。研究表明,刺激阴部神经,通过交感神经传出途径,可以激活β3肾上腺素能受体的逼尿肌和/或膀胱神经中枢α肾上腺素能受体,抑制膀胱逼尿肌收缩,调节膀胱顺应性[40]。也有研究表明,阴道内刺激实际是通过刺激C传入神经纤维,调节阴部神经,进而抑制膀胱的过度活动[41]。
Peters等对30例存在下尿路功能障碍的患者进行前瞻性、单盲、随机对照实验研究发现,阴部神经刺激治疗的总有效率为63%[42]。Li等在狗脊髓损伤(T9~T10)早期(脊髓损伤后1 d)进行低频阴部神经电调节,分别在损伤后第1个月和第3个月接受尿流动力学检查,结果发现,阴部神经刺激组狗的膀胱容量和顺应性增加;并且在第3个月对纤维化的膀胱进行组织学检查,结果观察到,阴部神经刺激组狗膀胱的胶原纤维明显增加,弹性纤维明显减少[43]。这说明,脊髓损伤后,早期低频阴部神经刺激可以抑制NDO,增加膀胱容量,延缓膀胱纤维化的进展。Kirkham等为了探索不同模式的急性阴茎背神经刺激对脊髓损伤后膀胱逼尿肌反射亢进、膀胱过度活动和膀胱容量的影响,将14例脊髓损伤(C6~L1)患者随机分成两组,一组接受连续的阴茎背神经刺激,即在整个膀胱充盈期连续刺激;一组接受条件性刺激,即在逼尿肌过度收缩,膀胱内压升高时开始刺激;结果发现,两组患者膀胱容量均有所增加,但条件性刺激组膀胱容量增加更明显[44]。此外,Lee等探索条件性阴茎背神经刺激对膀胱容量与膀胱顺应性的影响,结果证明,阴茎背神经刺激可有效抑制脊髓损伤患者的NDO,增加膀胱容量,改善膀胱壁畸形[45]。
3.3骶神经调节
骶神经调节是利用介入技术将一种短脉冲刺激电流连续施加于特定的骶神经(S3或S4),以此影响神经细胞本身的电生理特性,激活兴奋性或抑制性神经通路,调控异常的骶神经反射弧,进而影响与调节膀胱功能[46]。骶神经调节可抑制副交感神经运动神经元,从而防止逼尿肌的收缩,对于许多排尿功能障碍的患者是一种微创的治疗方法[47]。Elkelini等通过给予T10脊髓损伤的大鼠骶神经调节,证明了SNS可通过抑制C纤维的活动,减少膀胱逼尿肌的过度活动[8]。
Shi等为了解不同时间进行骶神经调节对脊髓损伤大鼠膀胱功能的影响,将完全性脊髓损伤(T9~T10)的Sprague-Dawley大鼠,随机分成三组;A组于脊髓损伤后早期(小于2周,处于脊髓休克期)进行骶神经调节,B组于伤后较长时间(2~4周,逼尿肌过度活跃前)进行骶神经调节,C组于更长时间(大于5周)后进行骶神经调节;结果发现,A组经骶神经调节后,膀胱开始收缩和收缩持续的时间延长,但增加幅度小于20%,B组增加幅度平均值超过90%,C组增加幅度小于30%[48]。这说明,在脊髓休克后和NDO前,对完全性脊髓损伤的大鼠进行骶神经调节有显著疗效。一项研究评估伴有NDO的39例脊髓损伤患者,接受骶神经调节治疗的效果发现,经骶神经调节后,43%的患者能够完全停止口服抗胆碱能药物,80%的患者可以完全控制排尿[49]。另一项研究中,不完全性脊髓损伤患者经骶神经调节后,患者排尿次数和出现急迫性尿失禁次数明显减少;每次排尿量也明显增加[50]。Kim等调查短期经皮双相骶神经调节对脊髓损伤后膀胱过度活动的影响,结果证明,经皮双相骶神经调节可能是治疗NDO有效的治疗方法,可减少尿失禁,提高生活质量[51]。
脊髓损伤后出现的膀胱过度活动症是一种储尿障碍疾病,虽不危及生命,但与人们生活息息相关,严重影响患者的生活质量。目前还没有较满意的治疗方法。神经调节疗法对治疗脊髓损伤后NDO是一种安全、有效的治疗方法,以其副作用小,安全有效的优点,现在已经被广泛使用。近几年,神经调节治疗膀胱过度活动症的研究发展较快,有望给患者带来更满意的治疗效果,但确切作用机制仍需进一步研究。
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Neuromodulation Therapy for Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity after Spinal Cord Injury(review)
ZHANG Qin1,HONG Yi1,2,WANG Fang-yong1,2,LIU Shu-jia1,2
1.Capital Medical University School of Rehabilitation Medicine,Beijing 100068,China;2.Department of Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery,Beijing Bo'ai Hospital,China Rehabilitation Research Centre,Beijing 100068,China
Correspondence:HONG Yi,WANG Fang-yong.E-mail:hongyihhyy@163.com(HONG Yi);wfybeijing@163.com (WANG Fang-yong)
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity(NDO)often occurs after spinal cord injury,which often causes urinary tract infection,vesicoureteral reflux,or even renal failure,and seriously impacts on the patient's quality of life.This paper reviewed the mechanism,the common treatment methods,and neuromodulation theray of NDO after spinal cord injury,and elaborated percutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation,pudendal nerve regulation and the sacral neuromodulation respectively.
spinal cord injury;neurogenic detrusor overactivity;neuromodulation;review
10.3969/j.issn.1006-9771.2016.08.004
R651.2
A
1006-9771(2016)08-0892-04
首都卫生发展科研专项项目(No.首发2014-4-4144)。
1.首都医科大学康复医学院,北京市100068;2.中国康复研究中心北京博爱医院脊柱脊髓外科,北京市100068。作者简介:张芹(1988-),女,汉族,山东聊城市人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向:脊柱脊髓损伤与神经康复。通讯作者:洪毅、王方永。E-mail:hongyihhyy@163. com(洪毅);wfybeijing@163.com(王方永)。
(2016-04-27
2016-06-01)