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染料木素抗动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

2016-01-29翁春艳李晓波

中国医药指南 2016年7期
关键词:动脉粥样硬化抗炎抗氧化

翁春艳 杨 艳 李晓波

(中南大学湘雅三医院,湖南 长沙 410013)



染料木素抗动脉粥样硬化的研究进展

翁春艳 杨 艳 李晓波

(中南大学湘雅三医院,湖南 长沙 410013)

【摘要】染料木素(genistein)是一种化学结构与雌激素相似,主要从大豆、三叶草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出来的活性成分,被称为植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。大量研究表明染料木素可通过抗炎、抗氧化、调节脂类代谢及血管保护等机制,预防动脉粥样硬化的发生发展。本文将从染料木素在抗炎、抗氧化、降血脂及血管保护等方面的作用出发,总结染料木素在防治动脉粥样硬化的研究现状,并展望染料木素在治疗动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病方面的应用前景。

【关键词】genistein;动脉粥样硬化;抗炎;抗氧化

染料木素(genistein)是一种化学结构与雌激素相似,主要从大豆、三叶草、染料木等豆科植物中提取出来的活性成分,被称为植物雌激素,也是天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。Genistein对肿瘤、心血管疾病、代谢综合征、高血压病、2型糖尿病、骨质疏松、皮肤病等疾病的发生有一定的预防和治疗作用。WHO-CARDIAC等大型临床研究显示[1],genistein可以抑制动脉粥样硬化的进程,对心血管疾病的防治具有有利的影响。越来越多的研究表明,genistein可以通过调节脂类代谢、抗氧化、抗炎及血管保护等机制,从而发挥防治动脉粥样硬化的作用。

1 抗 炎

动脉粥样硬化是一种慢性炎症性疾病。大量的研究表明,genistein具有抗炎作用,可以通过调节炎症通路,减轻炎性介质的过度表达和炎性反应,对动脉粥样硬化有潜在的防治作用。随机对照临床研究表明,genistein可下调绝经后妇女TNF-α、IL-6等炎症基因表达[2-3]。在动物模型中,genistein可通过下调TNF-α、TGF-β1、CRP、NF-κB、MAPK等炎性介质改善心肌及肝脏的炎性反应[4-5]。Genistein还可以通过抑制内皮细胞的炎性反应而保护内皮。Genistein能够下调TNF-α诱导的sICAM-1、sVCAM-1、sE-Selectin,MCP-1和IL-8等趋化因子的表达[6-7],并且减少高糖诱导的人主动脉内皮细胞MCP-1和IL-8的产生[8],抑制单核细胞对血管壁的黏附,控制炎性反应的进程。Genistein的这种抑制血管内皮细胞炎性反应是通过抑制NF-κB信号,激活Nrf2/HO-1、PI3K/AKT、PKA和ERK1/2信号通路实现的。其抗炎作用是不依赖于雌激素调节的信号作用机制,而是由PKA信号途径调节。

2 抗氧化

细胞内活性氧类(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的增加,产生血管内皮功能障碍,是动脉粥样硬化启动至关重要的一个步骤[9]。研究证明genistein的抗氧化活性有利于预防动脉粥样硬化的发生。Genistein可以通过酪氨酸激酶途径抑制ROS介导的LDL氧化修饰作用,降低ox-LDL水平,延缓血管平滑肌的慢性病理损伤和早期动脉粥样硬化的发生[10-11]。Genistein亦能通过Nrf2 和PI3K通路减轻β淀粉肽诱导的氧化应激反应,减少氧化谷胱甘肽(GSH/GSSG)比例,减少ROS 水平,维持氧化还原平衡[12-13]。Genistein的这种抗氧化作用是通过Nrf2和PPAR-γ信号途径,清除ROS,抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶,终止过氧化链式反应而实现的[14]。

3 抗血脂

动脉粥样硬化的发生、发展是一个复杂的病理过程,血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein- cholesterol,LDL-C)和总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)含量的升高以及高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)的下降是心血管疾病发生发展的重要危险因素。临床研究表明,genistein可以降低LDL-C、TC、三酰甘油(triglyceride,TG)水平,提高HDL-C水平,通过调节脂代谢而发挥心血管保护作用[15-17]。健康绝经后妇女服用genistein 6个月后,LDL-C、TC水平明显下降,肱动脉血管血流介导的舒张作用得到提高,同时更年期症状也得到改善[18]。绝经后2型糖尿病妇女服用genistein 1 年后,动脉硬度得到明显改善[19]。Genistein对动脉硬化的改善作用在脂质代谢大鼠模型中亦得到验证[15,20]。Genistein可通过下调HMG-COA还原酶和LDL受体表达而降低LDL-C水平[21]。

4 保护血管内皮

内皮已知是genistein的重要调节靶点。Genistein不但调节内皮细胞的增殖、凋亡和渗透性,还调节内皮细胞的功能,发挥对血管内皮的保护作用。多项研究表明genistein可调节内皮细胞的增殖,还可以抑制过氧化氢、同型半胱氨酸和TNF-α诱导的内皮细胞凋亡[22-23]。Genistein作为天然的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,可以抑制VEGF诱导的血管通透性增加,还可以调节缓激肽和P物质诱导的血管舒张,从而维持内膜的完整性,降低内皮的通透性,保护血管内皮[24-25]。荟萃分析显示[26-27],包括genistein在内的大豆异黄酮可显著改善血管内皮功能。随机对照研究表明,genistein可通过上调NO水平和抑制ET-1表达而改善绝经后妇女的血管内皮功能。Genistein通过PKA途径激活eNOS-cAMP信号通路而促进内皮细胞NO释放[10,28]。

5 展 望

Genistein 通过多种机制防治动脉粥样硬化,还具有抗高血压、抗2型糖尿病、抗心律失常等多重心血管保护作用,同时兼具广谱抗癌作用,具有广泛的应用前景。目前防治动脉粥样硬化的药物主要是他汀类,而因其不良反应,部分患者出现不能耐受的情况,我们仍需开发新的保护血管、预防动脉粥样硬化的药物,且genistein具有多效性,来源方便,价格实惠,能够使更多的患者获益。

参考文献

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中图分类号:R543.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1671-8194(2016)07-0033-03

A dvance of Studyes on A nty-atherosclerosys Effect of G enysteyn

WENG Chun-yan, YANG Yan, LI Xiao-bo
(The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China)

[Abstract]Genistein is called phytoestrogens with a chemical structure similar to estrogen, which was mainly extracted by the leguminous plants such as soybeans, clover, and dye wood active ingredient. It is also a natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Numerous studied have demonstrated that genistein played anti-arteriosclerosis effect through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the anti-atherosclerosis mechanisms of genistein, which may be related to anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidation, regulation of lipids and vascular protection.

[Key words]Genistein; Anti-atherosclerosis; Anti-inflammatory; Anti-oxidation

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