创业创新是助推产业升级的新引擎



创业创新是助推产业升级的新引擎

田如柱金辉

由中国社科院民营经济研究中心和经济参考报联合主办、恒茂集团承办的以“中国经济迈向中高端——民营企业发展面临的挑战与选择”为主题的双月座谈会日前举行。全国人大常委、财政经济委员会副主任、民建中央副主席辜胜阻，中国社科院民营经济研究中心主任刘迎秋等专家在会上发表了自己的观点。

我国经济进入新常态，同时正处于经济增长速度的换挡期、结构调整的阵痛期、前期刺激政策的消化期“三期叠加”时期，经济下行压力较大。引领新常态，保持经济平稳增长的关键环节就在于以改革创新推进新一轮创业创新浪潮，李克强总理提出，“要借改革创新的东风，在中国960万平方公里的大地上掀起一个大众创业、草根创业的新浪潮”。新一轮的创业创新浪潮是稳定中国经济增长，推动产业升级的重大引擎，不断产生的创业活动和新企业给经济增长带来了持续的活力，成为经济“新常态”下经济增长的持久动力。

当前为什么要大力推进创业？打造经济发展新引擎需要创业创新，高速城镇化也需要创业带动就业形成产业支撑。新常态下经济转型面临四大阵痛：制造业要去产能化、金融要去杠杆化、房地产要去泡沫化、环境要去污染化。要解决这四大阵痛，非常重要的是创新驱动。创新与创业紧密相连，今年的政府工作报告提出了“双中高”目标，即经济增长速度从两位数的高速增长到中高速增长；产业发展从产业链低端走向中高端。要实现这两个目标，关键在于打造新引擎和改造旧引擎。通过创业创新来打造经济发展的新引擎，就能避免经济“硬着陆”，保证经济的平稳健康发展。通过大众创业、万众创新激发民间资本活力，也有利于缓解经济下行压力，在稳增长中发挥关键作用。李克强总理讲到城镇化是扩大内需的最大潜力，但是，高速的城镇化如果没有创业和产业支撑，可能带来很多鬼城、空城、债城等问题。缺乏产业支撑和稳定就业的城镇化将导致贫困由农村向城市“平移”，导致拉美化现象和孟买现象。同时，城镇化进程中实现农民工市民化也需要创业带动就业。城镇化有人、业、钱、地、房五大要素，人是核心。人的城镇化关键在于实现农民工市民化，而市民化的关键是稳定就业。因此，中国经济稳增长要靠创业创新浪潮；城镇化的健康发展要有产业支撑，防止出现空城、鬼城、债城，也要靠创业创新浪潮。

如何看待新一轮创业浪潮？我今年去了十多个省市，对创业进行调研，发现改革、创新正在引领新一轮创业浪潮。新一轮创业浪潮有四大动力：一是简政放权和商事制度改革降低了创业门槛与成本，推动新的市场主体井喷式增长；二是新一代互联网技术与互联网金融的发展带动产品服务、商业模式与管理机制的创新，引领新一轮互联网创业浪潮；三是高新区与科技园区作为集聚人才、技术、资金等创新要素的重要载体，引领新一轮聚合创业创新浪潮，比如中关村是典型的要素聚合创新载体，具有产、学、研、用、金、介、政齐备的协同创新体系，通过不断吸引人才、技术、资本、信息等创新要素资源集聚，使中关村不仅成为创业创新者的栖息地，而且成为北京和全国互联网创新经济的最大引擎；四是当前出现的并购热刺激“职业创业人”崛起。改革开放以来，我国共经历了三次创业浪潮并诞生了三代民营企业家，与前三次创业浪潮相比，新一轮创业浪潮的主体更加具有复合性：金融危机催发海归潮推动创业，像山东的韩都衣舍，老板就是从韩国回来的，将服装产业与互联网进行结合，现在做得很成功；精英离职引发创业浪潮，不仅有官员创业，也有大量科技人员从科技企业离职创业，像百度、腾讯这种高科技公司大量的管理、技术人员纷纷离职，创办自己的公司；返乡农民工掀起新的草根创业浪潮，受全球金融危机影响，不仅大量洋海归回归创业，农海归也返乡以创业带动就业，比如湖北黄冈有两千多农民工回乡创业，吸纳8万多人就业。

如何推动新一轮的创业浪潮？要多措并举，营造良好的创业环境，让企业不仅能够“生出来”，而且能够“活下去”、“活得好”，政府要作为，金融要改革。具体有六个方面建议：首先，要营造低成本、低门槛的公平有序的创业环境，强化法治保障和政策支持，让草根创业者的热情竞相迸发，让精英创业者的初创企业快速成长。第二，要实现创业与创新联动，形成以推广应用带动技术创新，以技术创新促进推广应用的良性发展机制。创新与创业是一对孪生兄弟，实现创业创新联动，非常重要的是要进一步放松市场管制，允许不同商业模式和运营机制先行先试和应用示范，大力支持科技成果产业化，鼓励带动更多技术创新和商业模式创新。第三，营造良好的创客空间，打造绿色的创业生态，发挥平台企业的龙头带动作用，形成依托平台创新创业的新模式、新潮流。第四，要发展服务创业创新的天使投资、风险投资等股权投资，发展互联网金融，拓宽融资渠道，解决创业所需的“钱”的问题。大家对小米手机都很熟悉，雷军不仅是小米的CEO，而且是有名的天使投资人。天使投资是创业投资产业链体系的源头，推进新一轮创业浪潮的发展离不开股权投资的支持。第五，构建针对互联网创业的教育培训体系，发展互联网创业的技能教育和创业教育，解决创业所需要的“人”的问题，化解人才瓶颈。国务院印发了相关文件，大学要开设创业课程，创业可以获得学分，大学生可以修学创业。发达国家大学生创业一般在15％-20％左右，我国大学生创业只有1％，且成功率低。第六，要构建支持互联网创业创新的多层次资本市场，让企业能够活得长、长得大、走得远。要通过技术创新和金融创新双轮驱动，大力发展支持创业者创新的金融市场，努力营造促进创新创业的良好投融资环境。

中央明确指出，当前我国经济运行虽仍处合理区间，但下行压力较大，因此，必须高度重视应对经济下行压力，确保“稳增长”。习近平总书记在东部七省市党委主要负责人座上又进一步强调指出，要深入研究保持经济增长的举措和办法，着力解决制约经济社会持续健康发展的重大问题，“推动经济总量上台阶”。

“稳增长”是为了“推动经济总量上台阶”。回顾改革开放以来的30多年，我国经济总量至少已经上过两个大台阶：第一个大台阶，是2008年我国人均GDP超过3000美元，经济总量超过德国，成为全球第三大经济体。第二个大台阶，是2010年我国人均GDP达到4400美元，经济总量超过日本，成为全球第二大经济体。到2014年底，我国GDP突破10万亿美元，已经把日本远远落在后边。但是，需要注意的是，如果用GNP做总量比较，我国可能远未达到日本的两倍。目前，我国正在经历要上的第三个大台阶，即在经济总量上超越美国这个大台阶。通过一系列假定前提计算，以当期美元表示的我国GDP可能于2022年超过美国，届时美国的GDP约为19.65万亿美元，我国则可能达到20.61万亿美元。这是我国经济总量登上的第三个大台阶。

“推动经济总量上台阶”，必须在一个较长时期内保持国民经济中高速增长。在这个过程中，我们既需要科学处理外延式增长与内涵式增长的关系、投资推动的增长与“三驾马车”协调推动的增长关系，又需要科学处理经济结构调整与经济发展方式转变的关系、经济较快发展与环境更好保护的关系等等，并由此达到“既要金山银山，又要绿水青山”的理想目标。其中，一个基本点就是要保持国民经济实现不低于7％的增长速度，这是我国经济社会进一步发展的重要基础和前提所在。据估计，直至我国经济总量跨上第三个大台阶即超过美国为止，都必须始终力保我国经济实际增长不滑出7％这个下限。对此必须给予高度重视。

“推动我国经济总量上台阶”，在短期宏观调控上，可考虑把追求“潜在增长率缺口”，即潜在经济增长率与实际经济增长率的差额最小化作为基本政策目标。为此，就要把支撑我国经济持续增长的六大因素尽可能做到极致。一是要尽可能使其稳定在7.5％-8.5％之间。二是要学会发掘、拓展和更好地释放人力资本红利，以更好抵销传统人口红利迅速消失的负面影响。三是要学会把劳动收入和城乡居民收入差距转化为经济增长重要推力，继续鼓励勤劳致富，引导更多劳动人口白领化。四是继续着力科学实施和积极鼓励后发地区追赶先发地区的政策。五是进一步大力度鼓励和支持全民科学和技术创新，用高新技术和实用技术引领我国经济中高端发展。六是进一步用好互联网＋，创新市场形态与发展机制，发掘国内和国外两个市场，充分发挥国内市场的经济增长支撑作用，巩固提升国际市场的经济增长引导作用。

“推动经济总量上台阶”，还要在全面深化改革的同时，深入做好经济结构的深层调整，实现经济发展方式的更好转型。经济结构调整，核心是技术升级，关键是产业改造。产业改造的重点是发展生产服务业和技术创新平台或孵化器，而不是一般服务业和盲目放弃传统产业。要科学认识和努力实践“没有落后的传统产业，只有落后的产业传统”。要清醒地看到，即使到了发达社会，人类也不可能离开衣食住行以及与其相关的传统产业，差别仅仅在于传统产业中加进了更多高科技，也就是目前我国开始实施的《中国制造2025》。转变发展方式，核心是转变生产方式（生产关系和生产力的总称），关键是转变产权组织方式，重点是转变资源配置方式，入口是转变投资方式和资源使用方式。这几个方面的转变，既是前后衔接的，又是逻辑递进的。转变发展方式要找到有效的“入口”。

“推动经济总量上台阶”，必须继续坚持“两个毫不动摇”和全面落实党中央明确提出了“三个没有变”。要在进一步全面深化国有企业改革的同时，进一步大力发展民营经济和进一步扩大对外开放。民营企业要实现更大发展，就必须努力践行公司治理现代化，要积极参与国家发展战略的系统配套的同时，切实用好宏观政策结构性调整的机遇，要在正确认识和科学把握人口结构变化及其趋势和科学理解与切实用好互联网的过程中，努力寻求自身更大更好发展。

1、Introduction

The application domain of video monitoring system is more and more widely, especially the "Ping An City" promotes the rapid growth of video surveillance market, and the monitoring system of the scale are constantly expanding. The optical transceiver is the core of the monitoring system of transmission equipment, when the fault occurs, the whole system do not work normally, therefore, finding fault in the optical transceiver is very important, for the normal running of the whole system in the past, if the system fails, people often cannot discover it, and due to the large scale , investigation is time-consuming , laborious and low efficiency.

To design and realize the optical transceiver based on sensor and network technology and it can report its failure to system maintainer. The built-in temperature, humidity and voltage sensors can get real-time equipment information, and then transmit to the client, based on this information the latter will determine whether the device is normal. If the equipment failure, the client will tell the system maintainer through the mobile phone short message, voice, interface and acousto-optic four ways .During this time, there is not manual participation and it is finished by the control system automatically.

2、The composition of intelligent alarm transceiver and its system

The system is made up of three layer, and adjacent two layer can communicate by network. the first layer is network management, the second layer is transmitting management, the third layer is video acquisition and management. In every layer, the equipment has unique address.

In network management layer, the core equipment is network management card, and it has the unique IP address and can convert 485 signal to Ethernet signal.

In transmitting management layer, the core equipment is optical transceiver,the latter belong to the same network management card has the unique address. and its address is set from 0-255 by dial switch. following the same network management card, up to 256 optical transceivers. Transceiver can tell user its temperature , voltage, power and fiber state.

In video acquisition and management layer, the core equipment is the front-end equipment , for example, the high speed ball or the camera. and its address is set from 1-32 (the maximum channel number of current video optical transceiver is 32 ).

the sensor in camera collected the real-time state data of camera and then transmit to optical transceiver by 485 data line. and these data is transmitted to client at last by transceivers and network management card.if the fault happen, the latter will tell the user what happen through the short message, acousto-optic and speech.

3、the hardware design of intelligent warning　optical transceiver

The hardware part includes the realization of the detection of temperature ,voltage, power and fiber optical. 3.1the overall hardware structure design

the hardware structure is made up of MCU,I/O port and other component.

the main control MCU is STC12LE5A08S2,this chip has 2 independent serial port, and can simulate a serial port through the I/O port , so, total of 3 serial port. the first is responsible for communication with front-end equipment. Through this port, MCU can acquire the state data of frontend equipment, the second for 485 data communication, through it, MCU can communicate with higher network management card. the last for the acquisition of itself state data, through it, MCU can get the itself state data, such as temperature, voltage and video state.

3.2temperature detection scheme

Temperature acquisition is implemented by the DS18B20 scheme, the hardware structure diagram is the following figure 1:

In this scenario, the DS18B20 chip get real-time temperature data and then stored in the internal registers, and the controller convert the binary data to Decimal data.

3.3voltage detection scheme

The voltage detection circuit as shown in the following figure 2:

Adetection circuit get voltage division sampling through the resistor and transmit it to the I/O port of the SCM, and thenthe internal microcontroller A/D

Circuit to calculate the actual voltage.

3.4power and optical detection scheme

power and optical detection circuit as shown in Figure 3, the CPLD in the transmitterdetectedthe power failure signal

and then transmit a string of data to the CPLD of receiver that is responsible for decoding, if the MCU of receiver receives the power failure of transmitter and then it will query the state of optical fiber every 200 MS. If the optical fiber is normal, the MCU get the conclusion of power failure of transmitter. When the MCU of receiver is available, it poll state of optical fiber. If get fiber loss and don't receive the power failure of transmitter. The MCU will think optical fiber is broken.

4、Summary

Intelligent warning optical transceiver has realized the real-time monitoring of the state itself by sensor technology, and intelligent analysis of state data.

when it failed, it can notify the system maintenance personnel. So it improves work efficiency, especially in the monitoring system of the larger. However, when client polls the transceiver, and the latter transmit the data to client. And it cannot take the initiative to report the finding problems, which will be resolved in follow-up version.

References

[1]Liu Hailiang, Cao Jianian, Guo Fengli. Research and implementation of embedded intelligent home security system[J]. application technology, 2011.

[2]Li Ziyun. Intelligent home security system based on wireless network. The microprocessor, 2012.

[3]Jia Shifeng. The principle of sensor and sensor technology [M]. Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press, 2009.

[4]Xu Xiejun sensor and detection technique of [M]. Beijing: Publishing House of electronics industry, 2011.

[5]Xu Jian remote control security system design based on 3G wireless [J]. microcomputer and application, 2012

Research and implementation of intelligent alarm transceiver

Haobo long XiaolingTian

Aoshifiber&electronics Technology Co., Ltd.Guangdong Guangzhou Industrial University Huali Institute. Guangdong

Abstract:To design and implement a intelligent alarm transceiver, the sensor, such as temperature, voltage, video check. is used in transceiver. Then it analyses real-time acquisition data of sensor, if the transceiver is not working normally, and the results are sent to the host computer. And the latter send fault information to user by mobile phone. During this period, without artificial participation, to achieve the purpose of intelligent warning. it can improve the maintenance efficiency of transceiver.

Key words:security monitor, intelligent alarm, sensor technology, message alarm