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蝶类成虫觅食行为生态学研究进展

2015-12-18唐宇翀广安职业技术学院四川广安638000

安徽农业科学 2015年22期
关键词:蝶类蛱蝶蜜源

唐宇翀 (广安职业技术学院,四川广安638000)

蝴蝶色彩艳丽、飞行姿态优雅,因而被誉为“会飞的花朵”,是观赏昆虫中最重要、种类最多、最普及的一个大类群,具有极高的观赏价值[1]。但是,由于工农业的发展和自然资源的开发,破坏了蝴蝶的栖息地,使自然界中野生蝴蝶的种类和数量急剧下降。开展珍稀蝶种的保护及蝴蝶的规模化人工繁育变得十分迫切。研究表明,蝶类产卵所需要的营养主要直接来自雌成虫的取食[2-3],成虫的补充营养物不仅可以参加卵母细胞合成、提供日常生命活动的体能,而且能延长产卵期,对蝴蝶生殖繁衍具有重要意义[2,4-14]。蝶类成虫补充营养物的获得则依靠觅食行为来完成。因此,掌握不同食性蝴蝶成虫的取食习性和食物信息利用机制可为制定蝴蝶的生境保护措施和开展蝴蝶的规模化人工繁育和蝴蝶飞舞景观营造提供理论和试验依据。

1 蝶类的食性

根据补充营养物的类型可将蝶类成虫划分为访花类、食腐类和既访花又食腐类[15-20]。访花种类占蝶类中的大部分,尤其是在温带地区主要以花蜜为补充营养物,个别种类取食花粉[15],就目前所知,凤蝶科、粉蝶科和弄蝶科以及蛱蝶科斑蝶亚科的所有种类均属此类。与访花种类相比,食腐种类多见于热带和亚热带地区,主要取食腐烂水果、树干虫蛀伤口流出的树液、动物尸体和粪便中的液体[18,21-23],许多蛱蝶科种类为食腐蝶类。此外,还有一些成虫兼性访花或兼性食腐的过渡类型[19-20]。

2 蝶类成虫的食物搜寻机制

昆虫必须通过觅食寻找适宜的补充营养物。在觅食过程中,蝴蝶主要利用视觉和嗅觉信号搜寻、发现、定向食物[24-27]。通常情况下,视觉和嗅觉信号对访花蝶类的觅食都有影响,只是对这2种信号的利用程度因蝶种不同而有所差异;而食腐蝶类由于所取食的腐烂食物通常缺乏可靠的视觉信号,所以在觅食过程中嗅觉发挥主导作用。

2.1 视觉搜寻 花冠的颜色、形状和样式被认为是吸引访花者的重要视觉信号[28],尤其是花色对蝴蝶的蜜源搜寻相当重要[29-32]。Ilse[29]证实蝴蝶对某些颜色有天性偏好,而且这种偏好在蝶种间存在差异。与蓝色和绿色相比,Heliconius charitonius和 H.erato 更喜欢黄色和橙色[33-36];柑橘凤蝶天性偏好红色和黄色[37];达摩凤蝶(Papilio demoleus)天性偏好紫色和蓝色[38];暗脉粉蝶(Pieris napi)利用花色觅食[31];洋玉叶金花(Mussaenda frondosa)的白色苞片是吸引印度裳凤蝶(Troides minos)访花的重要视觉信号[39]。诗神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)通常利用花的视觉特征决定访问哪一朵花[25]。在含有菜粉蝶偏好气味的人工化模型中,黄色是引导新羽化菜粉蝶取食的必要视觉信号之一[40]。Tiple等[41]研究了印度中北的阿姆劳蒂大学校园内的12科19种寄主植物的花部特征与5科48种访花蝴蝶的相互关系,发现蝴蝶对红、黄、蓝和紫色花的访花次数高于白色和粉色花。此外,已有研究表明蝴蝶具有对颜色本身的辨识能力,这种识别能力与光线无关[37,42-44]。

2.2 嗅觉搜寻 气味通常在近距离的识别、刺激取食及持续取食中发挥作用[25,45]。

2.2.1 访花蝴蝶对气味的反应。花的气味对吸引虫媒昆虫至关重要,特定的香味挥发物可激发昆虫的感觉反应、定向和觅食行为[46-48]。例如,2-苯乙醇(2-phenylethanol)和苯乙醛(Phenylacetaldehyde)对菜粉蝶(Pieris rapae)取食起关键作用[27,40,45,49]。新羽化孔雀蛱蝶(Inachis io)、荨麻蛱蝶(Aglais urticae)和钩粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)表现出对喜好的蜜源植物丝路蓟(Cirsium arvense)和欧洲山萝卜(Knautia arvensis)花香的偏好,并将花香作为最初鉴定花朵和随后识别花朵以及区分蜜源回报的一个重要信号之一[50]。

Honda[51]研究发现,当蝴蝶成虫遇到特定的气味化合物时,会表现出喙伸张反应(Probosics extension reflexes,PER)。激发较大喙伸张反应的的化合物能显著增加蝴蝶对气味模型的访问次数[40]。因此,喙伸张反应可以被视为判断蝴蝶觅食时对气味偏好的准则[20],而触角电位(Electroantennogram,EAG)反应则是评价触角感知能力的感觉判断标准[20]。研究表明,既食腐又访花的朱蛱蝶(Nymphalis xanthomelas)、琉璃蛱蝶和大红蛱蝶(Vanessa indica)和仅访花的姬红蛱蝶(Cynthia cardui)、琉球紫蛱蝶(Hypolimnas bolina)和黑端豹蛱蝶(Argyreus hyperbius)都对花种广泛存在的几种芳香族化合物(如苯甲醛和苯乙醛)表现出较高的PER,大部分的芳香族化合物都激发中度的 EAG[20]。Andersson[50]利用气相色谱触角电位技术(GC-EAD)检测了孔雀蛱蝶(Inachis io)、龟甲蝶(Aglais urticae)和钩粉蝶(Gonepteryx rhamni)的电生理反应,发现蜜源植物挥发物中的苯乙醛、芳樟醇和含氧异佛乐酮,所激发的触角反应最强。当人工合成的气味混合物中的存在这些化合物时,也能引起强烈的触角反应。在对热带蝴蝶诗神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)成虫的GC-EAD检测中发现,几种花香挥发物尤其是来自花部的特有挥发物,对诗神袖蝶成虫有极大的生物学意义[52]。

2.2.2 食腐蝴蝶对气味的反应。许多生活在热带森林里的蝴蝶都取食落在地上的水果或阔叶树干虫蛀伤口渗出的树液。与花朵相比,腐烂食物为食腐蝶类提供的视觉信息十分有限,因此气味对这些蝴蝶的觅食就显得格外重要。

Ômura等[22]分析了树液的挥发物组分,发现乙醇和乙酸是其主要成分。既食腐又访花的朱蛱蝶和琉璃蛱蝶对树液挥发物中的乙醇和乙酸有极高的喙伸张反应,当乙醇和乙酸与一定浓度的糖类混合后,可激发和提高2种蝴蝶的取食和喙反应[20,22]。同时,乙醇和乙酸与低浓度糖类混合后,对刺激大红蛱蝶取食也有增效作用[53-54]。觅食的枯叶蛱蝶对乙醇有强烈的偏好[55-56]。仅醇类和糖类是丛林斜眼褐蝶(Bicyclus anynana)的取食信号。通常食腐蝶类可将醇类则作为远程信号,引导蝴蝶定向食物[13]。

2.3 觅食过程中视觉和嗅觉的利用权重 在觅食选择中,鳞翅目成虫可利用多种信号通道,并对这些信号通道的偏好层次因种类而异[57]。Ômura 和 Honda[27]发现大红蛱蝶访花过程中主要依靠颜色,其次依靠气味;而新羽化大红蛱蝶主要依靠视觉,其次依靠嗅觉访花。新羽化的诗神袖蝶(Heliconius melpomene)综合利用视觉和嗅觉定向食物,花的视觉特征决定访问哪一朵花,花的香味则激发最初的取食及持续觅食行为[25]。视觉和嗅觉对觅食的迁粉蝶同等重要[58]。

总而言之,在蝶类觅食过程中某些种类以视觉信号为主导定位蜜源,另一些种类中则可能主要依靠嗅觉信息,另外还有一些种类则是综合利用了这 2 种感知通道[40,45,48,50,58]。不同访花昆虫在利用蜜源的视觉信息和嗅觉信息时可赋予不同的权重[59]。多通道的信号利用有利于蝴蝶在不断变化的食物资源分布中分辨无回报的花朵,提高访花效率[25,27,40,60-62]。

3 影响觅食的其他因素

3.1 蜜源和蝴蝶的兼容性 在蜜源植物-访花蝶种的相互关联中,最根本的动力是植物和蝴蝶在形态上的兼容性[63-64]。Corbet[65]将其划分为 2 个因素:从植物角度来看,蜜源的吸引力由花蜜的质量、数量(花蜜供应量和花朵聚集度)和传粉者的可利用性(如花冠深度)决定;从蝴蝶角度来看,能否吸食到花蜜由喙长决定,是否适合开发利用则由蝴蝶的翅翼载决定。潜在蜜源的最大花冠深度决定了访问该花的蝴蝶必须具备足够长的喙,喙较短的蝴蝶物种无法取食花冠深度大的花朵,因此花冠深度被认为是对访花蝴蝶开采设置的一个限制[63,65]。此外,取食花蜜还依赖于蜜源植物花期与蝴蝶成虫羽化在时间上的同步性[66]。

3.2 学习行为 在野外,为了适应分散的、不稳定的食物资源,对单个蜜源信号的偏好有可能随蝴蝶成虫觅食经验的改变而变化[27]。一旦与食物回报结合后,颜色偏好则很容易转变[31-32]。Andersson[50]发现孔雀蛱蝶、荨麻蛱蝶和钩粉蝶,很容易将它们的花香偏好转移到其最近访问到的与回报相关联的气味中。Heliconius charitionius经过学习行为训练后,其对黄色和绿色假花的取食百分比分别由训练前的9.1%和2.0% 分别提高到 49.6% 和 55.3%[34]。君主斑蝶(Danaus plexippus)在觅食中表现出强烈的天性偏好,但在有回报的情况下君主斑蝶很容易学会将第2个颜色与回报关联起来[44]。暗脉菜粉蝶(Pieris napi)、美洲蓝凤蝶(Battus philenor)和柑橘凤蝶都具有能通过学习改变其对花色的偏好,而且对天性偏好颜色的学习比非天性偏好颜色的学习更快[31,37,67]。

这种学习能力使得它们能够及时调整觅食策略,更好更快地适应蜜源在时间或空间上的变化[31,44,67]。

4 小结

总而言之,蝴蝶的觅食行为除了受成虫视觉和嗅觉影响外,还受蝴蝶自身体型与花朵的兼容性以及蝴蝶学习能力的影响。通过这些多重信号的整合,有利于蝴蝶制定最有利的觅食策略,快速适应野外复杂多变的蜜源景观[57,61-62],为成虫的日常活动和繁衍后代提供有力保障。掌握蝶种觅食行为是制定不同蝶种栖息地的保护措施的理论基础,也可为蝴蝶规模化人工繁育提供技术指导,对蝶种的保护具有重大意义。

今后对蝶类成虫觅食行为的研究还可以进一步结合分子生物学中对视觉、嗅觉、触觉等感觉机制的研究结果,从视觉色素、嗅觉感受器、气味结合蛋白和神经元分子图像等生理角度寻找行为反应的调控机制和关键物质[68],从蝴蝶觅食行为调控的角度实现对昆虫取食行为的有效调控[64],并在蝴蝶生态观赏园中通过调控剂的应用,结合觅食的飞行行为,营造蝴蝶飞舞景观,更好地实现蝴蝶在观赏上的经济价值。

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