Fractalkine与ANCA相关性血管炎
2015-12-10邹丽婷莫念春综述审校
邹丽婷,莫念春(综述),钟 玲(审校)
(重庆医科大学附属第二医院肾内科,重庆 400010)
Fractalkine与ANCA相关性血管炎
邹丽婷△,莫念春(综述),钟玲※(审校)
(重庆医科大学附属第二医院肾内科,重庆 400010)
摘要:抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)相关性血管炎是一类累及多个器官系统的全身性自身免疫性疾病,它包括肉芽肿性多血管炎、显微镜下多血管炎和嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎。该病进展迅猛,病死率高,严重威胁人类健康。Fractalkine是趋化因子CX3C亚家族中唯一的成员,CX3CR1是Fractalkine的特异性受体,两者特异性结合后通过激活细胞内的信号转导通路参与免疫性疾病的发生与发展。该文就Fractalkine与ANCA相关性血管炎的最新研究进展予以综述。
关键词:抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体相关性血管炎;趋化因子;Fracktalkine;CX3CR1
趋化因子是一类相对分子质量为7 000~15 000、结构相似和功能相关的多肽超家族,根据其N端保守半胱氨酸残基的数目和间隔的结构特点,可分为4个亚族:C、CC、CXC和CX3C;趋化因子和受体结合后,激活和趋化白细胞,吸引白细胞到炎症反应的靶部位,参与炎性疾病的发生、发展[1]。Fractalkine是CX3C亚族的唯一成员,是具有黏蛋白样结构的跨膜糖蛋白,具有介导细胞活化、趋化、黏附和迁移的功能[1-2]。近年发现,在抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,ANCA)相关性血管炎的发生、发展过程中,Fractalkine与其受体 CX3CR1结合后,增强CX3CR1+自然杀伤细胞的杀伤力,损伤内皮细胞,血管壁发生纤维样坏死;另外,介导CX3CR1+白细胞的趋化、黏附和迁移,使肾脏、皮肤和肺脏等靶器官发生炎症反应[3-4]。现就Fractalkine与ANCA 相关性血管炎之间的关系进行综述。
1Fractalkine与CX3CR1
1.1Fractalkine的结构、分布Fractalkine由397个氨基酸分子组成,从N端到C端分为5个区域:第1区域是N端24个氨基酸组成的信号肽序列;第2区域是由76个氨基酸组成的趋化因子功能域;第3区域是由241个氨基酸组成的富含甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸的杆样区域,其中包括17个退化的黏蛋白样重复片段;第4区域是由18个氨基酸组成的跨膜疏水区;第5区域是由37个氨基酸残基组成的胞质区[2]。Fractalkine有膜结合型和可溶型两种存在形式,膜结合型Fractalkine既能增强细胞黏附分子与整合素介导的细胞间黏附,又能在不依赖选择素和整合素等黏附分子情况下,促进内皮细胞与CX3CR1+细胞的黏附[2,5-6]。膜结合型Fractalkine的近细胞膜侧有一双碱基的水解位点Thr-Arg-Arg-Gln (即338~341位氨基酸残基),可被金属蛋白酶10、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)α转化酶和溶酶体半胱氨酸蛋白酶组织蛋白酶S水解成可溶型Fractalkine,介导白细胞的趋化[7-9]。在健康人体内,Fractalkine在非造血细胞不表达或有极少量表达。Fractalkine在血管内皮细胞和角化细胞等非造血细胞的表达受TNF-α、干扰素(interferon,INF)γ、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)1和CD40等辅助性T细胞(helper T lymphocyte,Th)1型促炎因子的刺激而上调;相反,Th2型细胞因子(如转化生长因子β和IL-13)可抑制TNF-α和INF-γ诱导的Fractalkine的上调[9-10]。Foussat等[11]证实,B细胞在B细胞抗体和CD40刺激下表达Fractalkine。Lucas等[12]证实,树突状细胞在CD40信号刺激下表达Fractalkine。Sukkar等[9]证实,TNF-α和INF-γ通过激活p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶和c-Jun 氨基末端激酶信号转导通路诱导Fractalkine的表达。Chandrasekar等[13]研究证实,Fractalkine可激活结核毒素敏感G蛋白、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶和核因子κB等,通过自分泌方式促进自身表达。
1.2CX3CR1的结构、分布Fractalkine的特异性受体CX3CR1,是由355个氨基酸组成的含有7个疏水性跨膜区段的单链受体,属于七次跨膜G蛋白偶联受体,分为细胞外区(趋化因子结构区)、跨膜区(疏水性氨基酸富含区)和细胞内区(信号转导区)三个功能区;CX3CR1分布在白细胞、血管内皮细胞和纤维母细胞等细胞的表面[6,14-15]。Fractalkine与CX3CR1结合后,可以激发多通道的信号转导途径,从而激发许多蛋白激酶(如酪氨酸激酶、蛋白激酶B和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶等)[16-17]。Fractalkine/CX3CR1可激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,调控基因转录及表达,刺激细胞生长及分化[18];而Fractalkine与单核细胞、巨噬细胞和血管内皮细胞上的CX3CR1结合后,可激活丝裂原活化蛋白激酶信号通路,促进细胞迁移、黏附或增生[16,19]。文献报道,Fractalkine/CX3CR1参与了许多临床疾病的病理机制(如小血管炎、骨关节炎和肾小球肾炎等)[14-15,18]。
2Fractalkine与疾病
2.1Fractalkine与ANCA相关性血管炎ANCA相关性血管炎是一组以小血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死、血清中存在针对靶抗原蛋白酶3或髓过氧化物酶的ANCA阳性为主要特征的系统性自身免疫性疾病,包括肉芽肿性多血管炎、显微镜下多血管炎和嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎[20]。越来越多的研究证实,Fractalkine/CX3CR1参与ANCA相关性血管炎的发生、发展过程[3-4]。膜型Fractalkine主要分布在内皮细胞表面,介导白细胞与内皮细胞间的黏附,促进白细胞在血管壁周围的聚集;分泌型Fractalkine由蛋白酶对膜型消化脱落形成,保留了趋化因子的功能,趋化白细胞向血管炎症部位迁移[21]。Matsunawa等[4]发现,Fractalkine在大、中、小三类血管炎患者的表达量较健康人都上调,在ANCA相关性血管炎患者的表达量高于其他类型的血管炎患者,且以显微镜下多血管炎患者中表达最高;研究还发现,CX3CR1高表达于CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞。Morimura等[21]发现,显微镜下多血管炎患者的Fractalkine与CX3CR1的表达水平与伯明翰血管炎活动性分数、C反应蛋白及红细胞沉降率呈正相关,而且随着药物治疗、临床症状的缓解而逐渐降低。Bjerkeli等[3]发现,肉芽肿性多血管炎患者的Fractalkine与外周血单核细胞的CX3CR1表达水平同步上调,CX3CR1+CD3+CD4+T淋巴细胞和CX3CR1+单核细胞在全血中占的比例同时增加,从而保证了外周血单核细胞和淋巴细胞向血管病变部位的迁移及与内皮细胞间的黏附;研究中还发现,Fractalkine和CX3CR1的表达水平既与显微镜下多血管炎和肉芽肿性多血管炎的严重程度呈正相关,又与抗凝血酶Ⅲ、纤维二聚体、血管性血友病因子及血浆血栓调节蛋白等内皮细胞损伤标志物的血清水平呈正相关。因此,Fractalkine可作为ANCA相关性血管炎,尤其是显微镜下多血管炎与肉芽肿性多血管炎的内皮损伤标志物及疾病活动性和药物治疗效果的检测指标。CX3CR1高表达的淋巴细胞是ANCA相关性血管炎疾病不可或缺的效应细胞,Fractalkine在肉芽肿性多血管炎的Th1细胞和内皮细胞的相互作用中占主导地位。Lamprecht等[22]发现,肉芽肿性多血管炎的肉芽肿来源的T淋巴细胞及CD4+或CD8+T淋巴细胞在INF-γ刺激后分泌Th1型细胞因子,在肉芽肿性多血管炎患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液中检测到高表达的Th1型炎性因子IL-12。Csernok等[23]发现,肉芽肿性多血管炎患者的肉芽肿内的炎性因子主要是Th1型细胞因子。Goda等[24]发现,细胞因子受体的表达决定着Th1和Th2细胞的细胞因子的作用范围,CX3CR1主要表达于Th1细胞,与此同时,Fractalkine的主要效应细胞是Th1细胞。Fractalkine和其特异性受体CX3CR1在类风湿关节炎的疾病活动过程中也起着作用。Matsunawa等[14]在研究中将类风湿关节炎患者分为三组:①仅有关节病变的类风湿关节炎组;②有关节外表现:6个月内有坏死性肾小球肾炎、周围神经病变、缺血性结肠炎及心包炎等,但无ANCA相关性血管炎相关的组织学改变的类风湿关节炎组;③既有关节外症状又有ANCA相关性血管炎的组织学改变的类风湿关节炎组;研究结果显示,第3组患者的Fractalkine血清水平与伯明翰血管炎活动性分数及血清免疫复合物呈正相关,而与补体复合物呈负相关;研究中还发现,类风湿关节炎患者血清中的Fractalkine高表达,当出现血管病变时Fractalkine的表达水平升高更明显。有学者对类风湿关节炎外周血单核细胞的RNA研究发现,活动期的类风湿关节炎患者的Fractalkine信使RNA水平上调,有血管损伤的患者其上调更显著,随着药物治疗,临床症状的缓解,信使RNA及其蛋白表达水平逐渐降低;进一步免疫组织化学结果提示,Fractalkine主要分布于动脉血管内皮细胞表面[22,24]。Fractalkine 引起单核细胞和内皮细胞间的紧密黏附,既能通过Fractalkine本身的黏附功能实现,也可通过激活整合素以提高整合素与其配体的亲和力来实现。Goda等[24]研究也证实,Fractalkine通过内皮细胞和CX3CR1+单核细胞间的黏附,参与血管损伤。这种黏附通过两种途径实现:①Fractalkine 自身具有的黏附功能;②Fractalkine增强新分离的单核细胞的纤维连接蛋白和细胞间黏附分子1的黏附[25]。Boehme等[26]研究证实,类风湿关节炎合并ANCA相关性血管炎患者血清中的Fractalkine上调趋势与内皮细胞损伤和血管炎症的标志物细胞间黏附分子1的上调趋势一致。越来越多的研究证实,炎性介质IL-1β、TNF-α和脂多糖,通过核因子κB依赖机制显著上调Fractalkine在内皮细胞的表达;Fractalkine 与CX3CR1+自然杀伤细胞结合,以剂量依赖的方式增强自然杀伤细胞的杀伤力,导致内皮细胞损伤,激发和促进系统性小血管炎的病理生理过程[3,27]。
2.2Fractalkine与非血管炎疾病Fractalkine在肿瘤的发生、发展过程中,通过趋化自然杀伤细胞、树突状细胞和淋巴细胞等免疫细胞至肿瘤部位,减少浸润和转移的发生。Xin等[28]证实,表达有Fractalkine的小鼠肺癌模型中,癌灶中有大量的自然杀伤细胞浸润,而浸润的自然杀伤细胞表现出了较强的杀伤活性。Nukiwa等[29]证实,把转染Fractalkine基因的间充质干细胞或树突状细胞接种到结肠癌和黑色素瘤小鼠体内后发现,接种了经Fractalkine修饰的肿瘤细胞,其癌巢中CD4+和CD8+T细胞大量聚集,抑制肿瘤的生长,小鼠的生存时间延长,而在CD4+T淋巴细胞缺陷或者CD8+T淋巴细胞缺陷的小鼠体内却没有发现Fractalkine的这种抗肿瘤效应。然而,有研究报道显示,高表达的Fractalkine通过促进瘤细胞和血管内皮细胞间的黏附、诱导肿瘤新生血管的形成和介导瘤细胞的迁移,促进浸润和转移的发生[30-31]。Gao等[32]把表达Fractalkine分子的卵巢癌细胞株OV-HM接种到具有免疫力的小鼠体内后发现,表达Fractalkine的肿瘤细胞聚集在血管周围,并且在肿瘤组织中还发现有大量的新生血管。在体外实验中,表达CX3CR1的前列腺癌细胞株PC3-ML细胞在流动状态能够有效地黏附到骨髓内皮细胞上,并且这种黏附作用可以被Fractalkine的中和抗体所阻断;研究中还发现,PC3-ML 细胞还能沿着可溶性的Fractalkine的浓度梯度或者释放Fractalkine的人类成骨细胞的细胞培养液浓度梯度迁移[33]。Fractalkine兼有黏附和趋化的特性使其在肾小球这种高血流量组织中募集白细胞,趋化白细胞跨内皮细胞转运,参与原发性肾病与继发性肾脏疾病的病理过程。Segerer等[34]通过对多种肾病(包括胎儿肾、肾移植、肾肿瘤和各种肾小球肾疾病)的研究发现,大多数浸润肾小球和肾间质的白细胞表达CX3CR1,而且CX3CR1+细胞与Fractalkine在肾脏内炎症中募集的细胞一致。各期系统性红斑狼疮肾病患者的肾穿刺结果显示,系膜区和毛细血管壁上有大量的Fractalkine,Fractalkine的高表达与疾病的活动程度呈正相关[35]。Furuichi等[36]研究证实,通过基因失活或通过目标蛋白阻断CX3CR1,既可以减少巨噬细胞的聚集,又能减少血小板源性生长因子B和转化生长因子β的分泌与表达,从而减轻肾缺血/再灌注损伤后肾脏的炎症和纤维化,恢复部分肾功能。
3小结
Fractalkine在ANCA相关性血管炎中的研究相对较少,目前它在ANCA相关性血管炎中的具体机制尚不清楚。研究表明,Fractalkine可能在ANCA相关性血管炎的发生、发展过程中介导白细胞与内皮细胞间的黏附,趋化白细胞到血管病灶部位,促进血管壁周围炎性细胞浸润,加速血管壁的纤维素样坏死。因此,努力探索Fractalkine在ANCA相关性血管炎的具体作用机制,有望寻求ANCA相关性血管炎新的治疗靶点和策略,并为相关疾病的防治提供新的线索。
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Fractalkine in ANCA-Associated VasculitisZOULi-ting,MONian-chun,ZHONGLing.(DepartmentofNephrology,theSecondAffiliatedHospitalofChongqingMedicalUniversity,Chongqing400010,China)
Abstract:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody(ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a group of systemic autoimmune diseases,including granulomatosis with polyangiitis,microscopic polyangiitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis.People′s health is threatened by this disease,which is characterized by violent progression and high mortality.Fractalkine(CX3CL1)is the sole member of the CX3C chemokine family.CX3CR1 is the unique receptor for Fractalkine.In the occurrence and development of immunological diseases,cell signal transductive pathways are activated by Fractalkine via specific binding to CX3CR1.Here is to make a review of the latest advances of Fractalkine in ANCA-associated vasculitis.
Key words:ANCA-associated vasculitis; Chemokines; Fractalkine; CX3CR1
收稿日期:2014-12-17修回日期:2015-04-19编辑:郑雪
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-2084.2015.20.010
中图分类号:R59
文献标识码:A
文章编号:1006-2084(2015)20-3672-04