风景园林的未来

撰文：（美国）丹尼尔·J·纳德奈克翻译：张振威

风景园林的未来

撰文：（美国）丹尼尔·J·纳德奈克翻译：张振威

2015年1月，卡尔·斯坦尼兹博士和跨学科教员在乔治亚大学环境与设计学院开设的地理设计工作室中。Dr. Carl Steinitz and a group of interdisciplinary faculty at the College of Environment and Design Geodesign Workshop held at the University of Georgia in January of 2015.

当习近平主席指点“美丽中国”之时，他也表达出了一套由全球风景园林专业所秉承的价值观念，那就是——设计和审美的重要性、对环境的关爱、审慎的改造。中国风景园林行业的快速发展也揭示了这个国家已经与这个职业的宗旨紧密相连。不幸的是，并不是每个国家的风景园林行业都有像中国这样的发展速度和作为。2008年以来的经济衰退导致了很多国家的风景园林事务所裁员。现在美国和世界其它国家的经济已经回暖，枕戈待旦，风景园林人也必须在技术上吐故纳新，为公共健康谋福利。

1　新的技术

用于风景园林实践的技术进步包括一系列前沿技术和在环境设计（环境系统规划）领域取得的重要成果。

2　前沿技术

激光探测及测距系统（Light Detection and Ranging，缩写为LiDAR），简称激光雷达，是一种使用数百万个激光点来创建精准三维影像的遥感技术。这一技术可以在地表使用，也可以应用于航拍。LiDAR的分析结果可以轻易分层，包括基底层。例如，航拍扫描可使地形清晰可见，甚至可以完整地扫描浓密树荫下的地表形态。所收集的数据往往比在地面上的传统勘测更准确。在条件允许的情况下，还可以借助可穿梭于林冠下的无人机（Unmanned Aerial Vehicles，缩写为UAV）拍摄的数码照片加强激光雷达分析复杂场地的能力。

这些工具收集到的信息为风景园林师提供了可进行复杂地场地分析的方法，这些信息直接应用于设计需要采用地理设计（Geodesign），这是由全球知名的地理信息系统公司ESRI，哈佛大学荣誉退休教授、《地理设计纲要》（2012）一书的作者卡尔·斯坦尼茨博士，以及其它大学的学者和规划设计实践人员共同研发的工具。地理设计不仅允许复杂的、精准数据直接应用于设计过程，还可以生成特殊的程序将设计结果对给定景观的影响直接反馈给设计人员。正因为可以创建比较深入的影响模拟，以及对客户、行政机关的直接反馈功能，地理设计将对未来的景观实践带来积极影响。各国对环境问题的重视，使得对场地生态健康的影响模拟越来越重要。

3　环境设计

通过使用地理设计和相关的方法，风景园林师将有机会与科学家和各领域的专家合作来解决更复杂的环境问题。专注于可持续发展和恢复力的设计将成为一种新常态。我们研究和管理雨洪的能力为其它的跨领域合作者提供借鉴、启发和表率，比如我们可以提供与水相关的绿色屋顶、绿化墙体、可渗水铺装、生物沟、雨水花园等工程的解决方案。大尺度和创新性的绿色基础设施设计也有利于促进提升全球饮用水的质和量。

费城是一个典型的将这些创造性方法广泛应用于城市景观的美国案例。因费城仍有相当数量的雨污混排管网系统在役，因此成本上最有效的方案是在雨水到达混排管网前将其收储。在获得美国联邦环境保护署（EPA）的许可后，费城终将这一创新性的绿色基础设施方案付诸实施。

4　为公众健康而设计

在美国和世界各地，健康卫生行政官员、医学院校和公共健康机构认识到优质的规划和设计在社区健康方面发挥更加重要的作用。虽然医学在精深的疾病诊断和治疗领域取得了巨大成就，但在健康问题预防方面还不够成熟。像城市公园、步行系统和公园大道这样的风景园林设计成果可以为久坐的办公族提供另一种生活方式。爱动的人群不会高发糖尿病和其它疾病。在一些大尺度的景观中，设计师通过引入包括植物在内的景观元素来营造亲人尺度的环境，为人们减压和消除精神疾病。

在一些更大尺度的城市项目中，风景园林师将更多的参与治疗性花园的设计工作。早期的治疗性花园为普遍的病人而设计，但当今的设计工作更有针对性，也更取决于前期研究——通过对老年痴呆症、焦虑症、抑郁症、神经麻痹、糖尿病等疾病的行为心理研究来设计专类的花园。

真正健康的环境还应包括可获取优质食品和水，消除“食品沙漠”，这是指较难获得有营养的和可消费得起的食物的地区，特别是交通不发达地区。从全球来看，食品安全跟种族有很大关联，而且以贫困线下的家庭中食品不安全情况尤为严峻。可能的一种解决途径是更好的城市设计和更审慎的交通系统规划。

5　结语

风景园林行业将继续致力于应用设计方法解决上述问题。倡导设计过程本身就会让子孙后代受益，因为设计方法能创造性地解决问题。在美国，大量的设计学科之外的研究者开始理解和领悟内植于设计过程的创新力。例如，斯坦福大学成立了哈索普莱特纳设计学院，也被称为d.school设计学校。d.school将学生、教师和实务人员聚到一起传授设计思想并共同探讨解决复杂问题。其它领域的专家发现设计中蕴含的创造力这一事实，将有助于风景园林师寻求具有开拓精神的科学家和工程师作为合作伙伴共同解决当代与未来的紧迫议题。

When President Xi Jinping emphasizes“Beautiful China” in his speeches， he is articulating an important set of values held by the profession of landscape architecture around the world： the importance of design and aesthetics， care for the environment， and planned change. The rapid growth of the profession in China is another indicator that the nation has aligned with landscape architecture’s principle mission. Unfortunately，such growth and intellectual alignment is not found everywhere in the world. Because of the Great Recession that began in 2008， landscape architecture offices in many nations were forced to lay off designers. While the economy is now turning around in the United States and other parts of the world， in order to fully return to a position of strength landscape architects will need to embrace advanced techniques and design for public health.

1　Advanced Techniques

Important advances in the techniques applied in professional practice in landscape architecture will include the application of several cutting-edge technologies and important progress in environmental design （environmental systems planning）.

2　Cutting-edge Technologies

LiDAR， an acronym for Light Detection and Ranging， is a remote sensing technology in which millions of laser points are analyzed to create highly accurate three-dimensional images. The technology can be used on the ground or from airplanes aimed at covering large portions of the landscape. The results of LiDAR analysis can be easily pulled apart into layers including the ground layer. For example，methods associated with the aerial scans make it possible for landscape architects to clearly see landform and a complete rendering of the ground plane even under the densest of tree canopies. Those data collected are often much more accurate than measurements taken in the landscape itself. When appropriate and useful， LiDAR analysis of complex sites may be enhanced by information gathered with digital photography taken from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles （UAV）， which can fly directly under the upper level of vegetation.

While the information collected with those tools provides landscape architects with the methods needed to construct very sophisticated site analyses， the direct application of that information to design requires the employment of Geodesign，a process and connected technologies developed by ESRI， an internationally renowned Geographic Information System Company （GIS）， Dr. Carl Steinitz， Professor Emeritus at Harvard University and author of A Framework for Geodesign （2012），and many other university faculty and planning and design practitioners. Geodesign not only allows for the direct application of complex and sophisticated data to the design process， it also can help facilitate aparticipatory process and allow the designer to access immediate information about how heror his design will impact any given landscape. Landscape architectural practice will be influenced by Geodesign well into the future because of the approach’s capacity to create in-depth impact simulations and immediately make that information available to clients and officials. Impact simulations as applied to the ecological health of sites will become increasingly important as nations wrestle with a host of environmental concerns.

3　Environmental Design

Using Geodesign and related methods， future landscape architects will increasingly work on complex environmental problems in partnership with scientists and other experts. Designs focused on sustainability and/or resiliency will be become the norm. Landscape architects’ ability to study and manage stormwater will provide impetus for many of those interdisciplinary partnerships. Through those collaborations landscape architects will provide water-based solutions that will include green roofs and green walls， pervious pavements，bioswales， and rain gardens. The design of largescale and innovative green infrastructure systems has the potential to improve the quality and quantity of potable water around the world.

Philadelphia is an example of an American city that is applying these innovative approaches across much of its urban landscape. Because the city has a number of combined sanitary and stormwater systems still in place， the most cost effective way to solve its environmental problems is to capture as much stormwater as possible before it reaches those combined sewers. The city was able to get permission to pursue its innovative green infrastructure design from the United States Environmental Protection Agency （EPA）.

4　Design for Public Health

In the United States and around the world，health officials， medical schools， and public health programs are increasingly recognizing the part quality design and planning can play in contributing to healthy communities. While medical science has done a good job of developing sophisticated diagnoses and treatments for diseases， the work related to the prevention （and in some cases remediation） of health problems remains in its infancy. Landscape architectural design can provide alternatives to sedentary lifestyles found in many nations through the thoughtful design of urban parks， pedestrian street systems， and bikeways. Active populations develop diabetes and other ailments at a much lower rate. In those larger landscapes designers may lower stress and related psychological problems by introducing features including plants that bring those environments down to the scale of the human being.

In addition to participating in those larger-scale urban projects， landscape architects will increasingly be involved in designing therapeutic gardens. While earlier therapeutic gardens were designed for a broad spectrum of patients， the work today is becoming very specialized and heavily influenced by research. That research is allowing designers to create gardens specifically focused on helping patients with specific ailments-Alzheimer’s， anxiety disorder， depression，paralysis， diabetes， and others.

Truly healthy environments also include access to quality food and water and the elimination of food deserts （geographic areas where nutritious and affordable food is difficult to obtain particularly without access to automobiles）. Internationally，“food insecurity varies by race and is very high in households ［that fall］ below the poverty threshold”（Intersections 2013， 58）. Solutions to this problem may include better urban design and the careful planning of transportation systems.

5　Conclusion

Landscape architecture will continue to apply its design methods in solving many of the problems discussed above. Advocating for the design process itself will be of great benefit to future generations because the approach inspires creative problem solving. In the United States numerous researchers outside of the design disciplines are beginning to understand the creative power inherent in the design process. For example， Stanford University has developed the Hasso Plattner Institute of Design nicknamed the d.school. The d.school brings students， faculty， and professional guests together to teach design thinking and apply the concept to solving complex problems. The fact that other experts are discovering the creative energy inherent in design will benefit landscape architects as they seek innovative partnerships with scientists and engineers focused on solving the most pressing problems of today and tomorrow.

［1］Green City， Clean Waters. 2012［Z］. Philadelphia：Philadelphia Water Department.

［2］Intersections： Health and the Built Environment. 2013［Z］. Washington， DC： Urban Land Institute.

［3］Steinitz， Carl. 2012. A Framework for Geodesign：Changing Geography by Design［M］. Redlands， CA： ESRI.

The Future of Landscape Architecture

Text by： Daniel J. NADENCEK （US）Translation： ZHANG Zhen-wei

丹尼尔·纳德奈克/美国佐治亚大学环境与设计学院院长、德雷珀讲席教授/美国景观学刊（Landscape Journal）联合主编

译者简介：

张振威/男/博士/清华大学法学院博士后/本刊特约编辑（北京 100081）

Biography：

Daniel J. NADENCEK is the Dean and Draper Chair in Landscape Architecture College of Environment and Design， University of Georgia， and he is the Co-editor of Landscape Journal.

About the Translator：

ZHANG Zhen-wei is a Postdoctoral Fellow of School of Law，Tsinghua University， and he is also a Contributing Editor of Landscape Architecture Journal （Beijing 100081）.