重庆与仁川：延续中韩友谊，深化友城合作

□ 文/严和

重庆与仁川：延续中韩友谊，深化友城合作

□ 文/严和

城市简介

仁川广域市（相当于中国的直辖市）位于朝鲜半岛中西部的仁川，离首都首尔西28公里，属于大陆性气候区，全年比较干燥，受季风影响较为明显。1883年对外开港，当时称为济物浦，人口只有4700余人。但其位于汉江江口的优越位置，使仁川得以发展为国际口岸。

仁川是韩国第一个门户开放城市，近数十年以来，一直在政治、经济、外交、军事等方面，为韩国实现现代化发挥着龙头作用。仁川人口位居于首尔和釜山之后，是韩国的第三大城市和第二（仅次于釜山）大贸易港口。仁川与首尔之间有首都圈电铁联系。每日有大量乘客往来仁川与首尔两地，由于两地距离比较接近，已经形成首尔—仁川经济圈。

重庆与韩国早有渊源。二战时期，韩国将临时政府迁至重庆，并于1940年在重庆成立韩国光复军总司令部。21世纪以来，重庆与韩国的交流不断深化。2007年6月2日，重庆与仁川广域市正式签订了友好城市关系协议书。这将进一步发展壮大重庆的友好城市队伍，促进中韩友好交流。

近年来，双方在经贸、物流、化工等方面的合作不断加深。此外，重庆与韩国仁川市的公务员互派学习交流，重庆高校还接受了诸多来自仁川的学者和留学生，双方的教育交流项目也逐步增多。2014年12月17日，重庆赠予友城韩国仁川市的纪念雕塑《仁心慧泉》在仁川大公园落成。至此，象征着重庆和仁川两市友谊的互换纪念雕塑项目正式完成。该雕塑以韩国传统打击乐器长鼓为原型创作而成，象征着两座城市之间的相互交流、沟通和相生。

我市赠送仁川市的雕塑仁心慧泉

外事知识

临时政府

临时政府，又称为过渡政府，是指一个国家出现政权更迭时，国家的局势混乱、新的政权没有建立，这时由社会各方力量组建临时政权。通常产生于政治派别争斗激烈而导致政府出现更迭时，或者是原政府辞职而新的政府没有产生时。

郑烘原在重庆韩国临时政府旧址为韩国“国父”金九塑像敬献花篮

中国历史上有过中华民国临时政府和南京临时政府。中华民国临时政府，是1912年3月10日袁世凯就任临时大总统至1913年10月10日中华民国北洋政府正式成立期间，由袁世凯在北京成立的中华民国临时管治机构，又称北京临时政府。南京临时政府内阁是中华民国临时政府时期的临时性内阁，成立于民国元年（1912年）1月1日，结束于同年3月12日。1911年10月10日武昌起义，创立民国，中原十二省纷纷宣布独立。12月，十七省的代表齐聚上海，推举孙文为临时大总统；孙文组织内阁，成立南京临时政府。

流亡政府

流亡政府是主张为某国家的合法政府，但因为各种原因不能执行法律权力，而驻在其他国家的临时性政治组织。经常发生于战时的占领，而有时亦是内战、革命、军事政变，或广泛相信某执政政府为非法的后果。流亡政府的现象早于术语产生。流亡政府的效力主要依靠它所能获得的外国政府支持，及其国家本身的人口。某些流亡政府可以发展成强大的力量，对实际掌握国家的竞争对手构成严厉的挑战，其它的则主要维持一种象征性的姿态，实际作用微小。例如第二次世界大战期间，波兰共和国在伦敦流亡政府。

流亡政府与残存国家的区别是，残存国家仍控制原先领土的最少一部份。相反地，流亡政府已丧失它的全部领土。

外事案例

韩国临时政府的重庆岁月

1894年中日甲午战争之后，朝鲜半岛沦为日本的殖民地；1910年通过的《日韩合并条约》使得日本吞并了整个朝鲜半岛。但是朝鲜人民从未屈服，1919年3月1日，三一运动爆发，大韩民国的民族代表宣布大韩民族有建立独立国家的神圣权利并且在汉城组织了临时政府。之后，运动遭到日本殖民当局镇压，韩国独立志士遂流亡国外，临时政府也被迫迁移至上海。1919年4月13日，正式宣布成立大韩民国临时政府。在中国政府的帮助下，大韩民国临时政府进行了多次迁移，于1940年9月17日迁往重庆，并成立了韩国光复军总司令部。

韩国临时政府在上海的旧址

在韩国独立运动初期，由于其派别众多，几经波折最后形成了以金若山为首的朝鲜民族革命党和以金九为首的韩国国民党。抗战初期，这两个派别十分不合，严重影响了韩国独立运动的发展进程。之后在中方的劝导下，双方合作联合抗日，并且于1940年组成新的韩国独立党，作为韩国临时政府的执政党。中方除了帮助韩国临时政府统一各个党派之外，还积极地帮助韩国组织建立武装力量。1938年10月10日，时任军委会政治部第一厅厅长贺衷寒协助金若山在汉口成立朝鲜义勇军，同中国并肩作战。随后1940年3月1日，在“三·一”运动纪念会上，韩国临时政府呼吁中方帮助其建立韩国光复军，5月该计划得到了中方的同意，并与同年9月17日，在重庆嘉陵宾馆举行了韩国光复军成立仪式。不仅如此，中国政府还帮助朝鲜义勇军和韩国光复军进行改组合并，并且在中国政府的帮助下，对新组建的新韩国光复军进行了训练。在国际上，中国政府还积极采取措施争取国际社会对韩国临时政府的承认，并且援助韩国在国际上的独立运动。

2014年4月12日，韩国总理郑烘原访问重庆，参观了位于重庆市渝中区的大韩民国临时政府旧址和光复军司令部。郑烘原表示重庆对于韩国来说具有十分深远的意义，韩国政府永远记得重庆人民对韩国独立运动给予的帮助。

郑烘原在重庆参观韩国临时政府旧地

延伸阅读

两江新区中韩产业区

2010年6月国务院批复的两江新区挂牌成立，是继上海浦东新区和天津滨海新区之后，全国第三个国家级开发新区，也是内陆唯一由中国政府与外国政府间共建的产业园区。2011年9月，在商务部的推动下中韩产业区落户重庆。两江新区成立后，随着其作为内陆开放重要引擎的地位日益凸显，韩国与重庆的经贸往来更加频繁，越来越多的韩资企业投资重庆、投资两江新区。两江新区成为韩国在中国内陆地区重要的投资目的地。

中韩产业区位于两江新区龙盛片区，启动区面积7.9平方公里，拓展区面积6.4平方公里。重点发展汽车和电子产业，引进韩国优势制造产业和文化创新产业。以建设功能现代化、产业高端、生态宜居、文化多元的国际化新型园区为发展目标。产业区的功能包括：高端产业功能、生态宜居功能、文化共享功能。产业区的空间布局以三大功能区为核心，形成一带三区的空间结构。一带为生态文化带，三区包括先进制造区、综合服务区和创意研发区。被称为韩国在中国西部的第二故乡。

重庆作为西部对外开放的战略高地，旨在建立一座经济繁荣、绿色生态的国际化大都市。加之，两江新区不仅拥有航空、铁路、地铁、高速等多条运输通道，而且是集多家汽车、电子公司为一体企业群体。但是重庆拥有高端产业技术的企业较少且第三产业仍缺乏集群性和创新性。由此，韩国优势产业全球布局的战略与中国西部地区发展需求相结合，为双方的共赢创造机会。

● 作者为四川外国语大学国际关系学院硕士研究生

Source form internet

City Introduction

Inchon city （the equivalent of municipality in China） is located in the middle-west area of Korean peninsula， 28 km from the capital Seoul，belongs to the continental climate zone， dry all the year round， which is evidently affected by the monsoon. Inchon became the external opening port of destination in 1883， and then called Jemulpo with only about 4700 people. But its superior position in the Han River mouth makes Inchon possible to develop as an international port.

Inchon， South Korea's first portal open city， has been playing a leading role in political，economic， diplomatic and military aspects for South Korean modernization in recent decades. Inchon's population is lesser than Seoul's and Busan's. It is Korea's third largest city and second （after Pusan） largest trade port. The transportation between Seoul and Inchon is convenient. There is an amount of people shuttling from Seoul to Inchon. Due to the close distance， Seoul—Inchon economic circle has already taken shape.

The friendship between Chongqing and Korea goes back to long time ago. During the Second World War， Korea moved its interim government to Chongqing， and founded General Headquarters of Korean Liberation Army in 1940. From the 21st century， the exchanges between Chongqing and Korea have been successively developing. On June 2， 2007， Chongqing and Incheon signed a sister city agreement. This will further develop and strengthen the sister city career of Chongqing， and promote friendly exchanges between China and Korea.

In recent years， Chongqing and Incheon have pushed for broader and deeper cooperation in many fields such as economy and business，logistics， and chemical industry. Furthermore，government offi cials in Chongqing and Incheon are assigned to exchange learning， universities in Chongqing have received many scholars and overseas students from Incheon， and education exchange programs of the two sides are expanding. On December17， 2007， the Memorial Sculpture Benevolence Huiquan which was donated to Incheon from Chongqing was founded in the Incheon Grand Park， and it was the symbol of the friendships between Chongqing and Incheon. The sculpture was created on the basis of one Korean traditional percussion-long drum as the prototype， symbolizing the interactions and communications between the two cities.

Panoramic view of the sculpture gifted by Incheon city

Knowledge of Foreign Affairs

Government in Exile

A government in exile is a political group which claims to be legitimate government of a country， but is unable to exercise legal power and instead resides in a foreign country. Governments in exile usually plan to one day return to their native country and regain formal power. Governments in exile frequently occur during wartime occupation， or in the aftermath of a civil war， revolution， or military coup. A government in exile may also form from widespread belief in the illegitimacy of a ruling government. The effectiveness of a government in exile depends primarily on the amount of support it can receive，either from foreign governments or from the population of its own country. Some governments in exile develop into a formidable force， posing a serious challenge to the incumbent regime of the country， while others are maintained chiefl y as a symbolic gesture. For instance， Polish Republic Government in London during the Second World War.

The difference between government in exile and rump state is that the rump state still controls a little part of its territory， while government in exile has lost all land.

赵忠尧回到母校加州理工，他利用一切条件，对加速器的操作台和零部件进行研究，为了掌握加速器的设计和制造细节，赵忠尧成了实验室里最勤奋的人，在完成科研项目的同时，他拼命掌握着有关加速器制造的技术资料和零件参数，每天，他的工作时间都在16小时以上。

lnterim Government

Interim government， also known as the provisional government， refers to a regime set up by social forces when the country is suffered from chaos and the new government is not established. It is usually occur in intense political factional fi ghting which will trigger the regime change or the resignation of the former government， while a new government has not yet set up.

China had two interim governments in history： one is the Provisional Government of the Republic of China and the other is the Nanjing Provisional Government. Provisional Government of the Republic of China， also known as Beijing Provisional Government， established by Yuan Shikai served as temporary governing body. From March 10， 1912 to October 10， 1913， Yuan was elected as Provisional President of Beijing Provisional Government. Nanjing Provisional Government cabinet is a temporary cabinet of the Republic of China Provisional Government， which was founded in January 1， 1912 and ended at March 12 of the same year. On October 10， 1911，the Wuchang Uprising has promoted the foundation of the Republic of China. Twelve provinces in the Central Plains have declared independence. In December， representatives of seven provinces gathered in Shanghai， Sun Yat-sen was elected as provisional president. After that， Sun formed a cabinet， and set up Nanjing Provisional Government.

The Case of Foreign Affairs

After the First Sino-Japanese war， the Korean peninsula became Japanese colony in 1894. “Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty” adopted in 1910 made the Japanese annexation of the entire peninsula come true， but the Korean people never surrendered. In 1919， March 1st Movement broke out， and then national representatives，on behalf of the Republic of Korea，announced that the Korean nation had a sacred right to establish an independent state and a provision government organized in Seoul. After the suppression by the Japanese colonial authorities， the Korean independence patriots exiled overseas， and the provisional government had been forced to migrate to Shanghai. On April 13，1919， patriots formally announced the establishment of the Korean Provisional Government （actually， it was the Korean government in exile， or KPG）. With the help of the Chinese government， fi nally，KPG moved to Chongqing on September 17， 1940， and set up a Korean Liberation Army General Headquarters.

Chung Hong-won presenting flower baskets in front of the statue "father of the nation" at provisional government site in Chongqing.

In the early Korea independence movement， many of its factions twisted，and competed， but finally formed two parties： a Revolutionary Party led by Kim Won-bong， and the Republic of Korea led by Kim Koo. In the beginning，these two factions was not seriously affected the development process of the Korea independence movement. After persuaded by China， the two parties jointed anti -Japanese cooperation，then， the new Korean Independence Party was born as the ruling party in 1940. Chinese Government also actively helped South Korea to form armed forces. On October 10， 1938， when He Zhonghan was the first Director of the Political Department of the Military Council， He assisted Kim Won-bong in founding Korean Volunteer Army in Hankou， which fought side by side with China. Followed by the march 1，1940， to commemorate “March 1st Movement”， KPG appealed to china to help it build Korean Liberation Army，and in September Korean Liberation Army held its inaugural ceremony in Chongqing Jialing hotel. Moreover， with the help of the Chinese government，both North Korean and South Korean army accepted reorganization merger to form New Korean Liberation Army. Internationally， the Chinese government also actively took measures to seek international recognition of the South Korean Government， and aided the Korean independence movement in the international arena

On April 12， 2014， former South Korean prime minister Chung Hongwon visited the KPG site and Recovery Army headquarters in Yuzhong District of Chongqing. “Chongqing had very farreaching implication for South Korea，and the South Korean government would always remember the assistance of Chongqing people in history.” Chung Hong-won said.

Further Reading

The Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing was set up， which approved by the State Council in June， 2010. The Liangjiang New Area was the third state-level new development zone in China， following the Pudong New Area in Shanghai and the Binhai New Area in Tianjin， also the only inland industrial park built by the government of China and other foreign governments. China and South Korea industrial park was settled in Chongqing under the impetus of the Ministry of Commerce in September， 2011. After the establishment of the Liangjiang New Area， its inland-open critical engine status has become increasingly prominent. The economy and trade between South Korea and Chongqing have become more frequent. More and more Korea-invested enterprises have invested in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing. The Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing has become an important investment destination for South Korea in China's inland areas.

China and South Korea Industrial Zone located in Longsheng Area of Liangjiang New Area， which has the 7.9 square kilometers start area and 6.4 square kilometers expanding area. China and South Korea Industrial Zone is focusing on the development of automotive and electronics industries； introducing the advantage manufacture industry and the culture innovation industry of South Korea， with the goal of establishing the modern function， hi-tech industrial， ecological and livable，and culturally diverse internationalization new industrial zone. The function of China and South Korea Industrial Zone includes： hi-tech industrial function， ecological livable function and cultural sharing function. The spatial distribution of the industrial zone is composed by one region and three functional areas， which centered on the three functional areas. One region refers to the ecological and cultural zone； three areas include advanced manufacturing area， integrated service area and creative development area. The China and South Korea Industrial Zone is known as South Korea's second hometown in western China.

Chongqing， as a strategic highland of opening to the outside world in western China， is aiming at establishing an economic boom and ecological international metropolis. Additionally， the Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing has not only aviation，railway， subway， highway and other transportation corridors， but also sets a number of automobiles and electronic enterprise groups. However， Chongqing has fewer hitech industrial technology companies； and the third industry is still lack of clusters and innovation. Thus， South Korea advantage industry global layout strategy combines the development needs of western region in China to create win-win opportunities for both sides.

In addition， the cultural sharing function of China and South Korea Industrial Zone will promote the heritage and development of the Bayu traditional culture. Longxing town （in Chongqing） as a model of Bayu culture will be merged with the South Korean culture. In virtue of China and South Korea Industrial Zone， on one hand， it will contribute to advocate the humanistic spirit and architectural style of Bayu culture； on the other hand， it will further improve the traditional culture on the basis of absorbing the innovation of South Korean culture， to advance with the times.

● By post-graduate student of School of International Relations， Sichuan International Studies University

Chongqing & Incheon ： Extending Sino-Korean Friendship Deepening Cooperation of Sister Cities

□ Written by Yan He