单胎双胎妊娠与自发性早产复发风险的关系
2015-10-21李再
李再
【中图分类号】R722.12 【文献标识码】B【文章编号】1004-4949(2015)02-0668-02
1.概述
早产在产科颇为常见。据不完全统计,2010 年有1490万新生儿为早产,约占全世界儿童的11%[1]。大部分新生儿死亡源于早产及其并发症。同时,早产还可诱发一些终生的疾病,如脑瘫、视力障碍和成年后慢性疾病[2]。
目前,自发性早产定义为一次以上的与胎膜完整的自发性开始分娩相关的早产或胎膜破裂的早产[3]。早产复发风险的相关信息对于考虑再次受孕的女性非常重要。除此之外,产科医师也需要根据这些数据来为患者提供建议,评估并实施预防策略。
双胎妊娠产妇的早产风险会有所增加,大约有40%的双胎妊娠产妇在不足37周时出现自发性分娩。尽管目前已有与复发性早产的生理背景和治疗相关的综述文章,但尚未有一项能诠释复发性自发性早产风险的清晰概述。本文利用Pubmed数据库检索从1980年至今的有关单胎双胎与复发早产危险因素的文献,13篇相关文章报道了相关的危险因素:其中6篇关于单胎早产史的产妇发生单胎早产,4篇关于单胎早产发生于有双胎早产史的产妇,3篇关于双胎早产发生于有单胎早产史的产妇。分析出单胎与双胎妊娠与早产的关系,供临床参考。
2.结果
2.1单胎早产史的产妇与单胎早产
研究规模从1257名妊娠妇女至452680名不等,平均有 22.1% 的有单胎早产史的产妇发生了单胎早产[4-9]。各项研究从不同的切入点做了亚型关于妊娠年龄的分析。研究得出一致的结论,降低早产的风险与减低第一胎妊娠的年龄相关。
2.2双胎早产史的产妇与单胎早产
平均有84.4% 的单胎早产发生于有双胎早产史的产妇[10-13]。双胎早产史的妇女比单胎妊娠史的妇女,对于单胎早产的风险增加。双胎史在34+0至 36+6周的孕育时期,显著性增加了再次单胎妊娠早产的风险。
2.3单胎早产史的产妇与双胎早产
平均有11.9% 的双胎早产发生于有单胎早产史的产妇[14-16]。研究得出一致的
结论,增加早产的风险与减低第一胎妊娠的年龄有关。
3.结论
有过单胎早产的双胎妊娠产妇,其自发性早产复发的绝对风险最高(57%),但是即使單胎是顺利生产,其自发性早产复发的绝对风险仍然较高(25.4%)。有过双胎早产的单胎妊娠产妇,复发风险最低(10.0%),而双胎顺利生产的单胎妊娠产妇,其自发性早产复发的绝对风险最低(1.3%)。有过单胎早产的单胎妊娠产妇,其自发性早产复发的绝对风险为 20.3%。综上所述,复发性早产的风险受单胎或多胎顺序的影响,在 10% 和 57% 之间波动。
此外,研究表明,早产的风险不仅与之前妊娠的孕龄相互独立,还与之前和目前妊娠类型(单胎还是双胎)相互独立。在特定的产科史和目前妊娠类型的基础之上,该研究结果可以为医师和患者提供更特异的复发风险相关因素。然而,产科病史不能完全预测复发性自发性早产,但却能为准备二次受孕的产妇提供相关信息。
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