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造血干细胞移植在复发难治霍奇金淋巴瘤中的若干问题

2015-09-08珠宋王华庆

中国肿瘤临床 2015年1期
关键词:难治难治性自体

单 丽 珠宋 腾 王华庆

·综 述·

造血干细胞移植在复发难治霍奇金淋巴瘤中的若干问题

单丽珠宋腾王华庆

对于复发难治性霍奇金淋巴瘤,目前标准的治疗方案为解救化疗有效后给予大剂量化疗+自体干细胞移植(HDCT/ ASCT)。常用的解救方案之间没有优劣,如BEAM,CBV,IGEV等。解救化疗后行PET检查对自体造血干细胞移植有重要的预后价值。降低预处理强度的异基因造血干细胞移植(RIC-alloSCT)可作为ASCT后复发患者一种有效的治疗方法。本文就造血干细胞移植在复发难治性霍奇金淋巴瘤中的若干问题进行综述。

解救化疗自体移植霍奇金淋巴瘤

多数霍奇金淋巴瘤患者(Hodgkin's lymphoma,HL)经化疗或放化疗联合可以达到治愈。但仍有10%早期预后良好的和30%早期预后不良的及晚期的HL经标准一线治疗后不能达到完全缓解(CR),或缓解后很快复发[1]。目前,对于复发难治性HL,其标准治疗为解救治疗有效后给予大剂量化疗+自体干细胞移植(HDCT/ASCT)[2],HDCT/ASCT有效率约为40%~50%。然而,在实施这一技术中仍有若干问题亟待解决。

1 高剂量化疗+自体造血干细胞移植(HDCT/ASCT)

目前认为高剂量化疗+自体造血干细胞移植是治疗复发难治性HL的标准方案。两项随机试验比较了HDCT/ASCT与常规化疗之间的疗效。结果显示,与常规化疗相比,ASCT组PFS明显延长,但OS无显著差异[3-4]。最近,Cochrane研究组[5]的一项临床试验也证实,HDCT/ASCT较常规化疗能显著延长患者的PFS(HR0.55;95%CI 0.35-0.86;P=0.009),但OS无统计学差异(HR0.67;95%CI 0.41-1.07;P=0.1)。

2 ASCT预处理方案是否有差异

迄今为止,尚无前瞻性随机试验比较预处理方案之优劣。多数研究使用BEAM或CBV(环磷酰胺、卡莫司汀、依托泊苷)方案[6]。2013年,美国Nebraska研究组回顾性分析了225例经自体造血干细胞移植的复发难治HL,所有患者均使用过BEAM或CBV预处理方案[7]。随访5年,BEAM组的PFS和OS明显优于CBV组(92%vs.73%,P=0.002)(95%vs.87%,P= 0.07)。随访10年,其疗效差距仍然存在。研究认为除方案外,也与支持治疗、有效利用外周血干细胞或移植前较好的解救治疗相关。传统上曾应用的白消安加美法仑方案因疗效差,毒性高且易引起严重的黏膜炎而被淘汰[8]。

3 ASCT前使用PET评估解救治疗的疗效

最新的研究表明,解救化疗之后行PET检查对自体造血干细胞移植有重要的预后价值[9]。研究证实,与PET阳性患者相比,PET阴性患者PFS明显延长。此外,单因素和多因素分析表明,ASCT前PET检查是患者PFS/EFS唯一的预后因素。对于存在预后不良因素(B症状、结外病变、CR<12个月)的复发难治HL患者,解救治疗后行PET检查未达到CR者,应进行二线解救治疗。在Moskowitz等[10]研究中,使用ICE方案化疗2个周期后行PET检查,PET阴性患者接受ASCT,而PET阳性的接受二线解救方案GVD(吉西他滨、长春地辛、脂质体阿霉素)化疗4个周期,无疾病进展时再行ASCT。中位随访51个月,EFS分别为79%和70%。PET阴性患者较PET阳性患者EFS明显延长(80%vs.28.6%,P<0.001)。上述研究表明对于复发难治HL患者,在ASCT之前,解救治疗使患者达到PET阴性的状态有利于患者的长期生存。

4 序贯HDCT和两次ASCT能否提高ASCT疗效

2010年,HDR2研究[11]在284例复发性HL患者中评估了序贯HDCT(sequential HDCT,SHDCT)的疗效。所有患者接受DHAP方案2周期治疗后,在ASCT前,随机接受BEAM或BEAM序贯环磷酰胺、甲氨蝶呤和依托泊苷治疗。结果显示,两组患者的OS和PFS无统计学差异。而且,SHDCT也不能使早期复发的患者(3~12个月)获益。

迄今为止,有5项临床试验评估了两次自体造血干细胞移植治疗复发难治HL的可行性[12-15]。其中,最大组的试验是Morschhauser等[14]进行的H96研究。该试验入组245例复发难治HL,应用单次或两次ASCT治疗。入组患者分为预后差组(共150例,包括原发耐药77例和具有2项危险因素73例)和预后中等组(具有1项危险因素,共95例)。危险因素为CR<12个月、复发时为Ⅲ/Ⅳ期和放疗野内复发。预后差组接受两次ASCT,而预后中等组接受单次ASCT。结果显示:原发耐药患者经两次ASCT治疗后,5 年OS为45%,明显优于先前报道的30%。最新的10年随访显示,无治疗失败率和总生存率在预后中等组分别为64%和70%,预后差组分别为40%和47%[16]。2012年,Devillier等[17]回顾性分析了111例接受单次或两次ASCT治疗的复发难治HL。结果显示,PET扫描比传统的预后不良因素更有预测价值,与单次ASCT治疗相比,两次ASCT可使患者的5年PFS显著延长(48%vs.74%,P=0.002),另外,在PET阳性组,两次ASCT也可使患者获益(5年PFS:43%vs.0,P= 0.034)。总之,对于预后不良的复发难治HL患者,两次自体造血干细胞移植可能是适宜的,可使部分患者获益。

5 新型药物能否提高ASCT疗效

为了进一步提高HDCT/ASCT疗效,有研究在解救方案(ESHAP或DHAP)和ASCT后的维持治疗中使用了Brentuximab vedotin(SGN35)等新型药物,以期提高疗效。诸如正在进行的一项Ⅲ期临床试验(AETHERA),旨在评估SGN35对高危复发HL患者(原发耐药、缓解时间<12个月、结外病变)的疗效(www.ClinicalTrials.gov No.NCT01100502)。另一项Ⅱ期临床试验正在研究解救治疗之后能否使用SGN35(最多4个周期)进一步提高疗效(www.ClinicalTrials.gov No.NCT01393717)。

6 降低预处理强度的异基因造血干细胞移植(RIC-alloSCT)

对于自体造血干细胞移植后复发的HL患者,预后差,目前尚无标准的治疗方法。有学者尝试使用异基因造血干细胞移植(AlloSCT)治疗复发难治HL,AlloSCT移植的免疫细胞具有杀灭受者肿瘤细胞的效应,称移植物抗淋巴瘤效应(graft-versus-lymphoma,GVL)。目前,尚没有随机临床试验来比较二次ASCT 与AlloSCT的疗效。回顾性分析显示[18],AlloSCT可以使部分高危复发难治HL获得较长期的无病生存,效果良好。清髓性预处理(MAC)+异基因造血干细胞移植是将高强度预处理方案与GVL相结合。但MAC具有较高的非复发死亡率(nonrelapse mortality,NRM),约39%~61%[18],限制了其临床应用。Sureda等[19]比较了MAC方案与RIC方案,结果降低预处理强度可明显降低NRM,且RIC-alloSCT较低的NRM可与其较高的疾病进展/复发率相抵消并转化为总生存和无进展生存的提高。欧洲骨髓移植组(EBMT)分析了285例接受RIC-alloSCT的结果,其中17%病例为CR,43%为化疗敏感疾病,40%为化疗抵抗。3 年NRM为21.1%,3年PFS为25%,且化疗抵抗的患者疗效更差(P<0.001)[20]。近期,GEL/TAMO研究组[21]报道了92例复发难治HL的Ⅱ期临床研究。其中,14例为难治性疾病,中位OS约为10个月。78例接受了RIC-alloSCT,58例获得CR或PR,28例为病情稳定,4年NRM和OS分别为19%和43%。研究发现,慢性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)可使原发病复发率降低,尤其在达到CR的同种异体移植患者中更明显。化疗敏感性和移植前CR状态是RIC-alloSCT前最佳预后因素,移植前对疾病的控制是决定长期生存的关键因素。总之RIC-alloSCT可作为ASCT后复发患者一种有效的治疗方法。但其较高的复发率仍是一项巨大的挑战。

目前,RIC-alloSCT之前最佳预处理方案仍不明确。常用的预处理方法为氟达拉滨+美法仑组合(FluMel)[21],当体内T细胞减少时,阿伦单抗和ATG可以加入预处理方案中。其他研究证实BEAM±阿伦单抗、GemFluMe方案也有较好的疗效[22]。

7 供者淋巴细胞输注

利用供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)治疗难治性HL可诱导GVL的发生,其发生率在30%~50%之间[23]。Peggs等[24]首先描述了DLI可诱导GVHD的发生。随后的一项研究纳入了76例多次复发或难治性HL患者,使用RIC-alloSCT治疗。其中45例患者接受DLI,24例疾病复发。结果显示,整体有效率为79% (CR30%),且大多数病例获得了较长时间的缓解[25]。MDACC研究[26]报道了27例复发难治HL经RIC-alloSCT后接受DLI的疗效。CR/PR率为37%,且总反应与GVHD的发展相关,4年总生存率约20%。

8 小结

对于复发难治HL,应首先给予2~3个周期的解救治疗(如DHAP、ICE、IGEV),随后使用PET-CT扫描,对于化疗敏感的患者(PET-CT证实达到mCR)给予HDCT/ASCT+累及野放疗;而那些PET阳性的患者应给给予二次ASCT或二线解救治疗(如GVD),二线解救治疗后PET阴性的可行ASCT。对于疾病进展和二线解救治疗无效的患者,目前尚无标准治疗方案,可尝试二次ASCT或SGN35解救+RIC-alloSCT。同样,对ASCT后复发的患者也适用于SGN35解救+ RIC-alloSCT。

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(2014-10-30收稿)

(2014-12-30修回)

(编辑:杨红欣)

单丽珠专业方向为肿瘤内科的基础和临床研究。E-mail:shanlizhu66618@126.com

Problems in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating relapsed or refractory Hodgkin lymphoma

Lizhu SHAN,Teng SONG,Huaqing WANG

Correspondence to:Huaqing WANG;E-mail:Huaqingw@163.com

Department of Lymphoma,Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital,National Clinical Research Center of Cancer,the Sino-US Center for Diagnosis and Treatment on Lymphoma and Leukemia,Tianjin 300060,China

The standard therapy for relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma(RR-HL)consists of salvage chemotherapy followed by high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation(ASCT).Salvage therapy is not obviously superior to commonly used regimens such as BEAM,CBV,and IGEV.Functional imaging with 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography scanning is a critical predictor of the outcome after the completion of salvage chemotherapy and before ASCT.Meanwhile,reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation may induce a strong response in some patients with relapsing or progressing HL afterASCT.In this study,we reviewed some problems in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for treating RR-HL.

salvage chemotherapy,autologous transplantation,Hodgkin lymphoma

10.3969/j.issn.1000-8179.20142171

天津医科大学肿瘤医院淋巴瘤内科,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,天津市肿瘤防治重点实验室,中美淋巴血液肿瘤诊治中心(天津市300060)

王华庆Huaqingw@163.com

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