涉及that等引导的定语从句

刘恒明

定语从句历年都是高考的重难点，尤其是涉及that， which， as的考题。下面是定语从句的语法规则和具体应用，希望同学们好好揣摩。

一、限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1. 当先行词是anything， everything， nothing （something 除外）， few， all， none， little， some等代词时，或者是由every， any， all， some， no， little， few， much，each等词修饰时。例如：

Have you taken down everything （that） Mr. Smith has said？ 你记下了斯密思先生说的一切吗？

There seems to be nothing （that） seems impossible for him in the world. 对他来说，没有什么不可能。

There is little （that） I can do for you. 对你，我无能无力。

由此可知，一般情况下，可将that用括号括住。部分时候that也可以省略。例如：

All that can be done has been done. 今日事，今日毕。

此外，当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who。例如：

Any man that/who has a sense of duty wont do such a bad thing. 任何一个有责任感的人不会做这样的坏事。

2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时，例如：

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 他们访问伦敦时，首先去看大本钟。

3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时，例如：

This is the best movie that I have seen. 这是我看过最棒的电影。

4. 当形容词被the very， the only， the same， the last， any， little等修饰时，例如：

This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy. 这是很好的词典，我想买。

After the fire in his house， the old motorcycle is the only thing that he owned. 家里失火后，旧摩托是他唯一所有的东西了。

当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用who，例如：

Erik is the only person in our company who will attend the meeting. 艾里克是我们公司唯一出席会议的人。

5. 当先行词前面有who， which等疑问代词时，例如：

Who is the man that is sitting at the corner？ 坐在角落里的是谁？

Which is the T-shirt that fits me most？ 什么T恤衫最配我？

6. 当先行词既有人，也有动物或者物体时，例如：

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learned？ 你记得我们这位科学家和我们学习过的他的理论吗？

7. 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语，例如：

The village is no longer the one that it used to be 20 years ago. 二十年已过，村庄今非昔比。

二、关系代词as和which引导的定语从句

as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况如下：

1. as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。例如：

He married her， as/which was natural. 他们结婚是理所当然的。

He was honest and generous， as/which we can see. 我们看得出，他正直慷慨。

2. as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思。例如：

As is known to all， India is a developing country. 众所周知，印度是发展中国家。

He is from the south， as we can see from his accent. 从他的方言，我们知道他是南方人。

John， as you know， is a famous writer. 你知道的，约翰是著名作家。

He has been to Greece several times， which I dont believe. 我不相信他去过希腊好几次。

当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。例如：

Tom was always late for the meeting， which made his boss angry. 汤姆开会经常迟到，老板为此发怒。

3. 当先行词被such， the same修饰时，常用as。例如：

I have never heard such a story as he tells. 我没有听过他讲这样的故事。

He is not such a fool as he looks. 他看上去是傻瓜，其实不是。

This is the same umbrella as I lost last week. 这把伞和我上周丢的一样。

当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同。例如：

She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿着在玛利亚婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。

She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹一样的裙子。

定语从句such ... as ... 与结果状语从句such ...that ... 的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语或宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分。例如：

He has such a good cellphone as I want to buy. 他的手机很好， 正是我想买的那一款.。

He has such a good cellphone that I want to buy one. 他的手机很好， 我也想买一个。

三、以the way为先行词的定语从句

通常由in which， that引导，而且可以省略。例如：

The way in which/that he answered the question was surprising. 他回答问题的方式让人惊讶。

[练习]

1. Because of my poor memory， all ____ you told me has been forgotten.

A. that B. which C. what D. as

2. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily？

A. when B. where C. which D. who

3. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.

A. where B. who C. in which D. which

4. The foreign guests，____ were government officials， were warmly welcomed at the airport.

A. most of them B. most of that

C. most of whom D. most of those

5. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.

A. which B. in which

C. that D. /

6. Alice received an invitation from her boss，____came as a surprise.

A. it B. which C. that D. he

7. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage____already seven other people.

A. when there were B. which there were

C. that there were D. where there were

8. They stayed with me two weeks，____ they drank all the wine I had.

A. which B. which time

C. during the time D. during which

9. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.

A. when B. as C. whose D. what

10. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers， ____has a great effect on my life.

A. that which B. when which

C. which that D. when who