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浅析定语从句

2015-05-30马淑艳

俪人·教师版 2015年11期
关键词:限制

马淑艳

【摘要】在英语语法的学习中, 定语从句是高中重点知识,也是高考常考点,学生并不容易掌握。在实际运用中学生们经常会把定语从句和其他的从句混为一谈。本文做以简单论述。

【关键词】限制 非限制 关系代词 关系副词 先行词

在英语语法的学习中, 定语从句是高中重点知识,也是高考常考点,学生并不容易掌握。在实际运用中学生们经常会把定语从句和其他的从句混为一谈。那么该怎样来理解掌握呢?

首先,要想理解定语从句,我们要从定义上来理解定语这个概念。通常就句子成分来分析,修饰限定名词的词做定语。一个词修饰名词来作定语, 那么一个句子来修饰名词就叫定语从句。而从语法上来讲,通常大多数情况下是形容词来修饰名词, 因此定语从句又可以称为形容词性从句。有从句必然要有主句,这样的句子称为复合句。从定义上严格的来解释,定语从句就是在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

例如:1)Do you want a friend whom you could tell everything to, like your deepest feelings and thoughts? (高中必修一第一单元课文)

在这句话中Do you want a friend? 是主句, friend是先行词。whom是关系代词,引导定语从句来修饰主句中的名词friend。

其次,定语从句的关系词。定语从句的关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有 that, who ,whom, which whose, as 等;关系副词有when, where, why。

需注意的是关系词处在先行词和定语从句之间,起着连接主从句、指代先行词和在从句中做句子成分的三重作用。

1.关系代词。代词指代人或物,一般在从句中作主语或宾语, 但whose在定语从句中作定语。所以关系代词中指代人可用that, who, whom(宾格), whose(所有格);指代物可以用that, which, whose。这样看来that 和whose既可以指人也可以指物。但是当定语从句所修饰的不是一个名词而是一个句子,即关系词指代的不是一个词而是一句话时宜用which 或as。

例如:1)The number of people who were killed or seriously injured reached more than 400,000. (必修一第四单元)“死亡和重伤的人数达到40多万。”

people 是先行词, who指代的是people,翻译时失去本身的意思, 不能译为“谁”,它指代people就是people 的意思。 它引導定语从句who were killed or seriously injured来修饰限定the number of people, who在定语从句中的句子成分是做主语。

2)A huge crack that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide cut across houses, roads and canals. (必修一第四单元)

crack 是先行词, that 是关系代词,在从句中做主语,指代crack,是crack 的意思, 不能译为“那个”。that was eight kilometres long and thirty metres wide 是从句。

3) Workers built shelters for survivors whose homes had been destroyed. (必修一第四单元) “救援人员为那些家园被毁的幸存者盖起了避难所。”

whose是who 的所有格, whose在从句中作定语,指代的是shelters and survivors。

4) He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful. (必修一第五单元)

which指代的是前面主句he was generous with his time整个这一句话。译为“他十分慷慨的给予我时间, 我为此非常感激。”

2. 关系副词。定语从句中指代名词代词要用关系代词, 那么当指代的不只有名词代词, 还有和指代的名词代词搭配的介词时,我们就可以使用关系副词 when ,where, where。副词在句子中作状语。when在从句中作时间状语,where在从句中作地点状语, why在从句中作原因状语。当这些关系副词不足以表达时,就可以用“介词+关系代词”。因此有时我们可以说“介词+关系代词”= 关系副词。

例如:1)The time when I first met Nelson Mandela was a very difficult period of my life. (必修一第五单元)“我第一次遇见曼德拉的时候,正是我生命中非常艰难的一段时期。”

The time是先行词,when指代的“介词+ the time”意思是“在这段时期”可解释为during the time。

2)The school where I studied for only two years was three kilometersaway. (必修一第五单元)“我仅仅在那里读了两年的学校有三公里远。”

The school 是先行词,where指代的是“介词+the school”意思是“在学校”,可解释为 at school/in the school,所以关系词也可以换为at/in which。

再次,从整体上来说,定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

1.限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语,如果去掉,主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。

例如:They could not get the jobs they wanted. (高中必修一第五单元)

the jobs是先行词,关系代词that/which在定语从句they wanted中作宾语,被省略了。

2.非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切,只是对先行词做些附加的说明, 如果去掉, 主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开,一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中,关系词不省略。

例如:1)It was felt in Beijing, which is more than two hundredkilometers away.

2) But the one million people of the city, who thought little of these events, were asleep as usual that night. (高中必修一第四单元)

最后,定语从句关系词的特殊用法。

that 即可指人,也可指物。它和which可以互换,但下列情况下多用that

(1)先行词是all, little, few, much, none, anything, nothing, everything 等不定代词。

(2)先行词被最高级形容词、序数词及the very ,the few , the only 等修饰。

(3)先行词被all, little , much, some, any, no, every 第修饰时。

(4)先行词是表示人和物的两个并列的名词。

(5)主句是以which 或who开头的特殊疑问句。

(6)关系代词在定语从句中做表语。

例句:1) I have said everything that I want to say.

2) It is the best gift that I could have imagined..

3) There is no good news that I can tell you.

4) I cant forget all the people and things that I met there.

5) Who is your favourite person that you have ever met?

6) China is not the country that it was .

注意:同理 當先行词是表示人的代词,如that, this , those , these 时,为避免重复,宜用who , 而不用that.

例如:English became less like German because those who ruled England spoke first Danish and later French. (必修一, 第二单元)

当然,有关定语从句的详细用法还有很多,更加具体用法还需要我们在日常运用中不断总结归纳,进而不断完善。

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