细节理解题的解题技巧

杨富章

一、常见设问形式

1.Which of the following is NOT included/mentioned in the passage？

2.Which of the following （sentences/statements） is NOT true according to the passage？

3.According to the passage，all of the following are TRUE except/but        .

4.The author mentions all of the following EXCEPT        .

5.In the passage，the author states that        .

6.According to the passage，when （where，why，how，who，etc...？

二、常见题型

描写类细节题;数据计算题;排序题;信息寻找题;图文转换题;表格理解题。

三、设题方式

1.语意转换。细节理解题设题时为了避免出现原文中所用的词汇，常常使用一些同义词、近义词或反义词（双重否定）。因而在解题时要注意语意转换。

2.设题顺序。一般来说，题序与其相关信息在文中的顺序一致，如某题的答案信息往往会在下一小题的答案信息之前。

3.设题干扰项。

①正误并存：部分正确，部分错误。

②扩大或缩小范围：是原文信息，但不是题干要求。

③偷换概念：符合常识，但不是文章的内容。

④以偏概全：与原句的内容极其相似，但在程度、态度、褒贬色彩上有变动。

⑤无中生有：明显不是文章的信息，与文章事实不符或相反。

四、解题技巧

1.迅速定位，缩小范围。通过寻读法（scanning），用题干中的关键词在文中搜索，迅速确定相关词句或信息点所在的位置，缩小阅读范围。

2.理解其意，对照选项。在找到关键词句后，要仔细阅读，准确理解，对照选项，看哪个选项的意思与之最接近。

3.排除干扰，选出答案。在作出选择的过程中，要善于辨别真伪，排除干扰，缩小范围，选出正确答案。

注意  如果题干中含有否定意义的词，如NOT，EXCEPT等，应特别留心;在解答排序题时，可采用“首尾定位法”，即先找到第一个动作和最后一个动作，缩小范围以便能迅速选出正确答案。

例1  Born in 1907 in a village near Mexico City， Kahlo suffered from polio （小儿麻痹症） at the age of seven. Her spine （脊柱） became bent as she grew older. Then， in 1925， her back was broken in several places in a schoolbus accident. Throughout the rest of her life， the artist had many operations， but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back. However， the accident had an unexpected side effect. While lying in her bed recovering， Kahlo taught herself to paint.

In 1929， she got married to Diego Rivera， another famous Mexican artist. Riveras strong influence on Kahlos style can be seen in her early works，but her later works from the 1940s，known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband.

1.The terrible pain Kahlo suffered was caused by         .

A.polio   B.her bent spine

C.back injuries   D.the operation she had

解析  C。事实细节题。根据第二段her back was broken in several places in a schoolbus accident...but nothing was able to cure the terrible pain in her back可知。

2.Kahlos style had become increasingly independent since the         .

A.1930s  B.1940s  C.1950s  D.1970s

解析  B。事实细节题。根据第三段but her later works from the 1940s，known today as her best works， show less influence from her husband可知。

例2  Its everywhere. Indoors，advertising is in magazines and newspapers，on television，and even popping up on computer screens， outdoors，advertising means billboards. They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings. They are along highways in the countryside. Billboards were once large painted signs that urged customers to buy anything from fried chicken to dish soap. Nowadays billboards are high-tech devices that advertise the products of the modern world， from cellular phone service to perfume.

Billboards have changed along with technology. Originally painted directly onto wooden boards or the sides of buildings， billboards were first improved by attaching large printed vinyl strips to a structure to form an advertisers message. Later，mechanical billboards were developed which could display three different images. As one image changed to the next，the movement caught the eye of anyone passing by. More  recently，electronic technology has produced backlit billboards which shine a light through an image printed on a sheet of plastic，and digital billboards that can display huge images similar to those on a television screen.

The latest trend in billboards is interactivity. In Belgium，a billboard that looked like a pinball machine had people on the street using text messaging to answer a question the billboard sent to their cell phones. If they answered correctly，they had a chance to win a new car. In Japan，some billboards feature QR （Quick Response） codes，a newer version of bar codes，which can be read by specially programmed camera cell phones. When a person takes a picture of a billboard with a QR code，the advertisers website appears on their phone. A billboard in New Yorks Times Square lets people on the street play a video game using their cell phones，and a huge digital sign in Londons Piccadilly Circus responds when someone waves at it and displays different images depending on the weather.

Billboards do not always get a positive reaction，however. The large number of billboards along American highways led to the Highway Beautification Act of 1965. This group of laws aimed to preserve the scenic beauty of the countryside as well as the safety of people driving in cars by limiting the number and location of billboards. In Athens，Greece，city officials ordered the removal of hundreds of downtown billboards before the 2004 Olympic Games in an effort to restore the citys historical beauty. Billboards may be a favourite of advertisers，but not everyone wants to look at them.

1.Where will you probably not see a billboard？

A.On a building.   B.In the countryside.

C.In a magazine.   D.In a train station.

解析  C。事实细节题。由第一段中的They are in train stations and on the sides of buildings. They are along highways in the countryside.可知。

2.Which type of billboard is the oldest ？

A.A digital billboard.

B.A painted billboard.

C.A mechanical billboard.

D.A printed billboard.

解析  B。事实细节题。根据第二段Originally painted directly on to wooden boards...可知。

3.Which billboard could people without a cell phone interact with？

A.The one in Belgium.

B.The one in Japan.

C.The one in New York.

D.The one in London.

解析  D。事实细节题。第三段倒数第一句讲到在伦敦的Piccadilly Circus的一个巨大的数字符号，依靠天气产生相互作用。

4.Why were billboards in Athens removed before the 2004 Olympic Games？

A.The billboards were too old.

B.The billboards could not be removed during the games.

C.The advertisers did not want to support the games.

D.The government wanted downtown Athens to look better.

解析  D。事实细节题。最后一段倒数第二句restore the citys historical beauty说明是政府希望雅典市中心看起来更好。

例3  Tuition Fees （学费）

Tuition fees are different from department to department，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year. For further information：tui@waikato.ac.nz.

Accommodation （住宿）

You can have a room in a 4bedroom flat，which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about $150 a month for one person. For further information：acc@waikato.ac.nz.

You have to pay at least         a year if you study at the University of Waikato.

A.$5，250   B.$8，000

C.$9，000   D.$11，000

解析  B。数据计算题。本篇是介绍Waikato大学的广告。从Tuition Fees：Tuition fees are different from department to department，generally from $5，000 to $6，000 a year.和Accommodation：You can have a room in a 4bedroom flat， which will cost about $100 a month with other regular living costs of about$150 a month for one person.可知，在那儿学习一年的费用是：$5，000（学费）+$100（住宿费）×12（months）+$150（生活费）×12（months）=$8，000。

例4  People can use a home computer to make their shopping lists. Once at the store，a shopper can use a preferred customer card to start a system that will organize the trip around the store. If youre looking for toothpicks，you type in the word or pick it from a list，and a map will appear on the screen showing where you are and where you can find them.

The devices also keeps a record of what you buy. When youve finished，the device figures out your bill. Then you go to the checker or place your card into a self-checkout stand and pay.

Which of the following is the correct order of shopping with the computerized shopping card？

a.Start the system.

b.Make a shopping list.

c.Find the things you want.

d.Go to a self-checkout stand.

A.abdc  B.bacd   C.acbd  D.bcad

解析  B。排序题。 由第一段第一句话可知第一件事是make a shopping list，到了商店后start the system，根据指引you can find them，最后去结账，故顺序为bacd。本题也可采用排除法，c和d是相邻且为先后的顺序，故排除A、C、D。本题还可结合自己的购物常识进行快速判断。

例5  Mothers，doctors and nurses alike have no idea of where a babys blood sugar level lies. All we know is that a low level is harmful to brain development and makes a baby easily annoyed. In this state， the baby is difficult to calm down and sleep is impossible. The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth.

According to the paragraph，one reason why a baby cries is that it feels         .

A.sick  B.upset   C.sleepy  D.hungry

解析  D。事实细节题。由该段最后一句The baby asks for attention by crying and searching for food with its mouth. 可知。hungry是searching for food的近义替换。