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三步解决非谓语动词考题

2015-05-30石娟

高中生学习·高三版 2015年7期
关键词:分词连词谓语

石娟

我们先来看一下2015年部分高考真题:

1. (2015年高考新课标Ⅱ卷·语法填空) The adobe dwellings(土坯房) 61 (build) by the Pueblo Indiansof the American Southwest are admired by even the most modern of architects and engineers.

2. (2015年高考新课标Ⅰ卷·语法填空) A study of travelers 68, (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.

3. (2015年上海高考卷·语法填空) (shock), I took it from her automatically.

4. (2015年高考新课标Ⅱ卷·改错) A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside a shop.

高考对非谓语动词的考查旨在检验考生能否分辨某个动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,如果它是非谓语动词,在句子中充当什么成分,与逻辑主语是什么关系。解决此类题目,只需分三步走:

一、明确身份

首先我们要利用“有无连词”这个原则确定句中的动词或动词短语是谓语还是非谓语。一个简单句中只能有一个谓语动词,若句中存在两个或两个以上的谓语动词,则应用连词连接成复合句;若句中无连词,则谓语动词以外的动词应采用非谓语动词形式。简言之,有连词,用谓语动词;无连词,用非谓语动词。

我们来判断以上动词是不是非谓语。通过分析句子主干,我们不难发现上文的第1,2,3句中都有自己的谓语动词,即加粗部分。在没有连词的情况下,空里的动词必须是非谓语的形式。在第4题中,and连接两个谓语动词,所以tell不是非谓语。现在我们来强化训练一下,以下哪些题目里的动词是非谓语动词呢?

1. (2014年高考山东卷改编) The room is empty except for a bookshelf (stand) in one corner.

2. (2104年高考福建卷改编) Knowing basic first-aid techniques (help) you respond quickly to emergencies.

3. (2014年高考上海卷) (earn) some money to pay the daily expenses, I started to work in a local café as a waiter.

解析 要进行非谓语动词变形的是第1题和第3题。因为这两句话中都有自己的谓语动词,即标粗部分,然后整句话中又没有任何连词,所以要用动词的非谓语形式。而第2题通过句子分析没有找到谓语动词,所以help就是谓语。三道题的答案分别是:standing;helps;to earn。第1题中的现在分词在句中做a bookshelf的后置定语,第3题中的to earn是动词不定式作目的状语。

二、确定语态

确定是非谓语之后,我们就要判断非谓语动词在句中的成分和作用(确定逻辑主语&语态)了。如果非谓语动词表示的动作与其逻辑主语之间为主谓关系则用现在分词形式或不定式的主动式;若为动宾关系则用。不定式的被动式或过去分词。非谓语动词在句中充当的成分不同,它对应的逻辑的主语的位置也不同。

(2014年高考四川卷) Not knowing which university to attend, the girl asked her teacher for advice. (非谓语充当状语,逻辑主语与主句的主语相同)

(2013年天津高考卷) In some languages, 100 words make up half of all words used in daily conversations. (非谓语充当定语,逻辑主语是所修饰的词)

(2015年高考上海卷) As I squeezed back into the car, I saw the same lady looking in at me. (非谓语充当宾语补足语,逻辑主语是句子的宾语)

我们来看一组对比题:

Seen from the top of the mountain, our house looks like a car.

Seeing rom the top of the mountain, I felt our house looks like a car.

See from the top of the mountain, and you will find the city more beautiful.

To see it more clearly, they came up and got close to it. (动词不定式表示目的)

三、确定时态

第三步就是搜索句中相关的时间信息,确定非谓语动词的时态。非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前时,用过去分词、现在分词形式或不定式的完成式(主动:having done/to have done;被动:done/having been done/to have been done);如果动作同时进行用现在分词形式或不定式的进行式(主动:doing;被动:being done);如果非谓语动词表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后,用不定式的一般式(主动:to do;被动:to be done)。请看下题:

The question (discuss) now at the meeting is very important.

The question (discuss) at the meeting last week is very important.

The question (discuss) at at the meeting next week is very important.

(tell) many times, he still couldnt understand it.

运用以上方法分析分析不难得出答案:being discussed; discussed; to be discussed; Having been told。

除了以上步骤,我们还必须明确:

1. 现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别

现在分词表示自然而然的结果;不定式表示意想不到的结果,其前常加only。试比较:

The sun began to rise in the sky, bathing in the mountain in golden light.

Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didnt fit.

2. 有些过去分词源于系表结构,分词已经形容词化,相当于形容词,可省略系动词直接作非谓语。例如:

Absorbed in his novel, he didnt notice what was happening around him.

Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car.

The girl seated beside me looked so excited at the news.

常见的分词做形容词的短语有:be addicted to, be buried in, be devoted to, be faced with, be dressed in, be excited about, be interested in, be tired of等。

3.如果作定语的不定式是一个不及物动词,注意不可忽略不定式短语中的介词。例如:

After she completes the project, shell have nothing to worry about.

There are five pairs to choose from, but Im at a loss which to buy.

结合以上讲解,你现在知道前面列出的高考真题的答案了吗?

1. built; 2. conducted; 3. Shocked; 4. telling→told。

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