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主谓一致中的“想当然”

2015-05-21李晓琳罗成勇

高中生学习·高二版 2015年3期
关键词:保持一致单数复数

李晓琳 罗成勇

在英语句子里,谓语动词和主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,最基本的原则是:单数主语用动词的单数形式,复数主语用动词的复数形式。但在实际使用中情况比较复杂,现在笔者把在教学同学们常犯的主谓一致错误归纳整理如下,以期对同学们的学习有所帮助。

1. “more than one+名词”作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式,而不是因为它表达的是复数含义就用复数形式。这里采用的是就近原则。例如:

More than one teacher gets the flowers.

不止一个教师得到了花。

2. “many a +名词”作主语时,从意义上看是复数,但谓语动词常用单数。例如:

Many a student has been sent to plant trees.

很多学生被派去植树。

3. “half of, the rest of, most of, all of及百分数或分数+of等后接名词”作主语时,谓语动词形式根据of后的名词而定。可数名词用复数,不可数名词则用单数形式。例如:

Half of the students are to attend the meeting to be held by the student union.

有一半学生要去参加学生会举行的会议。

Three fourths of the surface of the Earth is covered with water.

地球表面四分之三为水所覆盖。

4. all指人时,动词用复数;all指事或者物时,动词用单数。例如:

“All are present and all is going well”, our manager said.

我们经理说:“所有的人都到场了,一切进展顺利。”

5. what引导的主语从句,谓语动词可视表语而定:表语是单数名词时,动词用单数,相反,则用复数。例如:

What they want to get is a number of good books.

他们想得到的是大量的好书。

6. 用and连接的两个单数名词前有each, every, no修饰时,它们的谓语动词用单数形式。例如:

Every boy and every girl is asked to study hard.

每一个男生和女生都被要求努力学习。

No book and no pen is found in the schoolbag.

书包里没有书和钢笔。

7. 当主语后面有as well as, with, along with, together with, but, like, rather than, except等词引导的短语时,谓语动词要与最前面的主语保持一致。例如:

The teacher together with the students are going to the Great Wall.

老师和学生一起要去长城。

My father as well as his colleagues has been to Paris.

我父亲和他的同事曾去过巴黎。

8. each作主语的同位语时, 谓语动词由主语来决定,与each无关。例如:

They each have a bike.

他们每人有一辆自行车。

9. 动词不定式或动词-ing形式短语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。例如:

Going out for a walk after supper is a good habit.

晚饭后出去散步是一个好习惯。

10. the following作主语时,谓语动词的数与后面名词的数保持一致。例如:

The following are some good examples.

下面是一些好例子。

11. 以-ics结尾的学科名词,如politics, physics, mathematics等词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。以-s结尾的名词news, works, plastics等词同属此类。例如:

English is now taught in all schools.

现在所有的学校都开设英语课。

12. 有些用来表示由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词(trousers, glasses, shoes等)作主语时,前面若有“一条”“一副”“一把”之类的单位词,动词用单数;若没有单位词或单位词是复数,则谓语动词用复数。例如:

I have two pair of glasses.

我有两副眼镜。

There is a pair of trousers in the chair.

椅子上有一条裤子。

The shoes are all right.

这些鞋子都很合适。

13. “one and a half+名词”作主语时,谓语动词要用单数。例如:

One and a half apples is left on the table.

桌子上有一个半苹果。

14. “one or two/more+复数名词”作主语时,谓语动词用复数。例如:

One or two persons are sent there to help them do the work.

要派一两个人到那儿去给他们帮忙。

15. “one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数;而在“the only one of +复数名词+定语从句”的结构中,定语从句的谓语动词要用单数。即定语从句的谓语动词要与先行词严格保持一致。例如:

He is one of the students who get there on time.

他是准时到达那里的学生之一。

He is the only one of the students who gets there on time.

他是唯一一个准时到达那里的学生。

16. 表示时间、距离、金钱等的复数名词作主语表达一个整体概念时,谓语动词常用单数,但若强调数量,谓语动词可用复数。例如:

One million dollars is a lot of money.

一百万美元是一大笔钱。

Ten years is a long time.

十年是很长的一段时间。

Thirty years have passed since they parted.

从他们分手以来有三十年了。

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