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附加疑问句一致问题初探

2016-09-07喻金培

课程教育研究·学法教法研究 2016年18期
关键词:保持一致陈述句

喻金培

【摘 要】 附加疑问由陈述句加简短一般疑问句构成,用以要求对方证实所陈述之事。附加疑问句主要有两种类型:一类是反意的附加疑问句;另一类是非反意的附加疑问句。由于前一类型用得比较多,因此这类疑问句通常又叫做“反意疑问句”(DISJUNCTIVE QUESTIONS)。反意疑问句与前面的陈述句在结构上正好相反,如果陈述句是肯定结构,反意疑问句用否定结构;反之,如果陈述句是否定结构,反意疑问句则用肯定结构。附加疑问句与其前面的陈述句在主语、谓语(包括时态、语态)等方面要保持一致。这个问题看似容易,但使用起来还是会有一困难的,特别是附加疑问句如何与前面的陈述句在主语和谓语方面保持一致,有时会有困惑和犹豫,觉得选择困难。这个问题的确较为复杂,也是初学者感到棘手之处。本文就这样一些问题作一个初步探讨。

【关键词】 附加疑问句;陈述句;保持一致;反意疑问句

【中图分类号】G642.0 【文献标识码】A 【文章编号】2095-3089(2016)18-0-02

一般情况下,反意疑问句是由肯定陈述句加简略否定疑问句或否定陈述句加简略肯定疑问句构成。如:

This isnt a very fast train, is it?

Its a fine day, isnt it?

You will agree, wont you?

These tools are very useful, arent they?

John has grown a lot, hasnt he?

Mary failed her exams, didnt she?

The old man wouldnt believe you, would he?

There is no doubt about it, is there?

由上述诸例句可以看出,除there be句型外,疑问部分的主语必须是与陈述部分主语在人称、数、性方面保持一致的人称代词。

当然,一致问题除了遵循一般规则外,还有以下一些情况须加注意:

1. 陈述句的主语是every one, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, someone, anybody, no one, nobody, neither 等不定代词时,附加疑问句的主语要用they,也可以用 he 。如

Everybody agreed, didnt they?

Someone has left the tap running, havent they?

No one has left, have they?

Neither of them complained, did they?

Everyone knows his job, doesnt he?

除了疑问部分的作用词要与陈述部分的谓语动词保持人称、数、以及时、体的一致。陈述部分的谓语动词如果有助动词,则应以同样的助动词为疑问部分的作用词。如:

He has been learning English, hasnt he?

She doesnt smoke, does she?

如果陈述部分的谓语动词仅由主动词构成(动词 be 和 have 除外),其疑问部分就须以 do 的适当形式为作用词。如:

He smokes a lot, doesnt he?

但须注意的是:有些动词既可当助动词,也可当主动词,疑问部分的作用词就须根据这些动词在陈述部分的具体用法而定。如:

You neednt make such a loud noise, need you?

He doesnt need to work so late, does he?

He dare try, darent he?

He didnt dare to go, did he?

She hasnt left yet, has she?

You have your hair cut every month, dont you?

动词have 在下列搭配中,用作主动词。

You all had a good time, didnt you?

You have bad colds every winter, dont you?

动词have 作“有”解时,在附加疑问句中,可以有两种形式:

He hasnt any brothers has he?

He doesnt have any brothers, does he?

当陈述部分的作用词为have/had to 时,其疑问部分的作用词通常用 do

You have to cash some travellers cheques, dont you?

They had to leave early, didnt they?

当谓语中包含 d better, d rather 或 d like 时,要注意 d 是代表had 还是would. 如:

They d better go by bus, wouldnt they? (d 代表 would)

Youd better change your wet shirt, hadnt you? (d 代表 had)

Hed like to join our discussion, wouldnt he? (d 代表 would)

2. 陈述句的主语为one 时,附加疑问句的主语也通常用one 。如

One cant be too careful, can one?

在很随便的语体中,也可用you 。如

One doesnt speak like that, do you?

3. 陈述句的主语是none of +N/P(名词/ 代词)时,有两种情况,要分别对待:

(1)当N/P是不可数时,附加疑问句的主语要用it 。如

None of the food was wasted, was it?

(2)当N/P是可数时,视情况附加疑问句的主语用they,you 或we 。如:

None of you like the idea, do you?

None of the workmen arrived on time, did they?

None of us knew the way , did we?

4,当some of +N/P作陈述句主语时,情况基本与上述相同,但当N/P 为us 时,有两种情形:

(1)当说话人包括在内时,附加疑问句的主语用we。如:

Some of us wanted to stay longer, didnt we?

(2)否则,用they。如:

On the return journey, some of us lost the way, didnt they?

5. 陈述句主语是(a) little 或受它修饰时,附加疑问句的主语用it; 若是(a) few时,则酌情选用复数人称代词。如:

Little progress has been made, has it?

Very little was said about the matter, was it?

Few people knew the answer, did they?

A few of you have already tried it, havent you?

6. 当陈述句的主语是something, everything, anything, nothing 时,附加疑问句的主语一概用it ,如:

Nothing serious happened, did it?

Something should be done, shouldnt it?

7. 以there 引导的陈述句,有两种情况:

(1)以表示”存在”的 there 引导的陈述句,附加疑问句的主语仍用there 同。如:

There will be a large crowd at the game, wont there?

There must be someone else in the house, mustnt there?

There didnt appear to be any doubt about it, did there?

(2)用表示”地点”的there 引导时,则根据陈述句的真实主语的性、数选择相应的代词形式作附加疑问句的主语。如:

There comes the bus, doesnt it?

There stand two high poles in front of the temple, dont they?

8. 若陈述句含有little few seldom hardly scarcely barely rarely nowhere never nobody nothing none neither 等否定或半否定词时,陈述句须当否定式处理,附加疑问句要用肯定形式。如:

A small scratch like that is nothing, is it?

Money goes nowhere nowadays, does it?

Under no circumstances will she return here, will she?

Few people like her manners, do they?

We could hardly hear what he said, could we?

You seldom see her these days, do you?

但若带有由un-, in- (im-, il-, ir-), dis- 等否定前缀构成的派生词时,陈述句仍作肯定式处理,附加疑问句用否定形式。如:

Her performance was unusual, wasnt it?

They were quite discouraged by his talk, werent they?

9. 陈述句含有副词only 时,附加疑问句既可用肯定式,也可为否定式。如:

There were only six people present, were (werent) they?

肯定式试图要求对所述信息作进一步证实,否定式则意指对方理所当然会表示赞同,所述内容无可置疑。

10. 当陈述句为”I am +补语” 结构时,附加疑问句通常用arent I 如:

I am late, arent I?

在比较随便的场合,也可用aint I 如:

I am big and strong, aint I?

11. 以Let us (lets) 开头的结构,附加疑问句有不同情况,请看:

Lets go , shall we?

Let us go, will you?

第一个句子中的us 包括对方在内, 意思是我们走吧,第二句的us 则不包括对方,意思是(你)让我们走吧。 一个是建议;一个是请求,对象不同,表达意思也不同,所以须用不同的附加疑问句。

12. 陈述句是主从复合句时,在一般情况下,附加疑问句要与主句保持一致。如:

He said that we were all in the wrong, didnt he?

You were talking to the girl whose father is the governor, werent you?

但若陈述句的主句是表达说话人的意见、想法、猜测等如Id say, Ill bet, I guess/fancy/think/suppose/assume/presume/feel/hear/believe/imagine/reckon/expect/figure/

Calculate/anticipate等时,则附加疑问句要与其后的从句保持一致。如;

I guess weve named all the holidays, havent we?

Ill bet the subways are crowded, too, arent they?

I suppose you know the meaning of the sentence, dont you?

若主句是否定结构,则要当作转移否定(transferred negation)即对从句的否定来处理。如;

I dont believe youre right, are you?

(= I believe you are not right, are you?)

I dont imagine she cares, does she?

(= I imagine she doesnt care, does she?)

在I am/feel sure +(that) 从句结构中,情况也一样。如:

Im sure youll help her, wont you?

13. 在陈述句较长的情况下,有时可将附加疑问句提前(插入陈述句中间), 如

Its true, isnt it, that you are thinking of giving up your job?

这种用法有时是为了突出主语的位置。如

She hadnt at that time, had she, been fully recognized as a serious writer?

14. 有时说话人询问对方对自己所陈述事情的看法,附加疑问句不能拘泥于形式,要根据具体情况做适当的处理。如:

I thought the novel was poor/dreadful/appalling, didnt you?

I didnt care for the film, did you?

I cant understand why she did that, can you?

有时作用词要根据人称做适当的改变。如:

I shouldnt be surprised if it rained tomorrow, would you?

这里第一人称用虚拟式作用词should 而第二人称则用would ,而不是should。

还有一些情况,如陈述句的作用词是need, dare, used to, may, must 等时,附加疑问句的作用词也要根据实际情况作适当变化,这点须引起大家的注意。

15. 在特殊情况下,前后都肯定或否定的情况也是有的,如:

So he wont pay his bills, wont he? Well see about it.

这样说他不肯付钱,是吗?咱们走着瞧。(有威胁的意思)

You sold that lovely bracelet, did you?

你把那只漂亮的手镯卖了,是吗?(表示遗憾)

总之,附加疑问句除了要遵守一般的主谓一致外,还要考虑特殊情况和用法,特别是习惯用法。这样,才能正确使用附加疑问句,用好附加疑问句。

参考文献:

[1] 赖秋生.附加疑问句的一致问题 [J] .英语学习,1998 (2)

[2] 章振邦.附加疑问句 [J].新编英语语法(下册),1983

[3]张道真.实用英语语法.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002

[4] 宫超英,杨春丽主编.英语(2) .广州:中山大学出版社,2012.1

[5] 孟宪珍主编.无敌全范围英语法.北京:外文出版社,2012

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